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PS120 - neuropsychology > Week 5 > Flashcards

Week 5 Flashcards

1
Q

Lateralisation of the cerebral cortex

A
  • The cortical regions are responsible for a particular psychological function are located in only one of the hemispheres OR
  • Both hemispheres contribute, but the contribution of one is more important than or different to that of the other
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2
Q

Corpus callosum

A
  • Bundle of fibres that crosses over between the two hemispheres
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3
Q

Divided visual field technique

A
  • Relies on the visual anatomy of the pathway of the eye to the cerebral cortex
  • Image showed briefly
  • Sperry
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4
Q

Split brain study

A
  • Presented in the right visual field – processed in the left hemisphere – verbal
  • Presented in the left visual field – processed in the right hemisphere – visual
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5
Q

Block study

A
  • Views a pattern made with squares and told to recreate using blocks
  • Left hand – can complete it – right hemisphere
  • Right hand – find it hard – left hemisphere
  • Right hemisphere linked to visuospatial tasks
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6
Q

Lateralisation of language – Wada test

A
  • Deactivate one hemisphere
  • Person loses power of speech if left hemisphere is put to sleep
  • However, can grab things with the left hand – right hemisphere
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7
Q

Language being across the brain

A
  • In most people tested
  • Fundamental components of language are located in the left hemisphere
  • Can be in the right hemisphere – left handed
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8
Q

Broca

A
  • Damage to Broca’s area
  • Problems with language production – broca’s aphasia
  • Doesn’t seem to effect comprehension
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9
Q

Broca’s area location

A
  • An area in the left frontal lobe
  • Next to the motor cortex
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10
Q

Broca’s aphasia symptoms

A
  • Slow, laboured speech output
  • Some degree of anomia
  • Paraphasic errors
  • Telegraphic speech
  • Repetition of multisyllabic words impaired
  • Aware of deficit and easily frustrated
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11
Q

Wernicke

A
  • Can produce fluent, grammatical speech
  • Difficulties comprehending spoken or written language
  • Wernicke’s aphasia
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12
Q

Wernicke’s aphasia symptoms

A
  • Problems understanding spoken and written language
  • Speech is fluent with normal grammar
  • Phonemic and semantic paraphasia – substituting words that related to eachother
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13
Q

Wernicke’s area

A
  • Damage located in the posterior part of the superior temporal gyrus
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14
Q

Wernicke-Geschwind model

A
  • Model of language organisation in the brain
  • It shows how different region with different functions interact in language production and comprehension
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15
Q

Wernicke-Geschwind Broca’s area

A
  • Formulates the speech plan implemented by motor cortex
  • Turns intended meanings into motor plans for the speech articulators
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16
Q

Wernicke-Geschwind Wernicke’s area

A
  • Controls language comprehension and processing of meaning
  • Requires language to be coded in a specific way
17
Q

Wernicke-Geschwind angular gyrus

A
  • Provides visual language in the appropriate code to Wernicke’s area
18
Q

Wernicke-Geschwind auditory cortex

A
  • Provides spoken language in the appropriate code to Wernicke’s area involved in sensory processing of speech sounds
19
Q

Wernicke-Geschwind motor cortex

A
  • Involved in the production of articulatory movements
20
Q

Wernicke-Geschwind arcuate fasciculus

A
  • Bundle of axons linking Wernicke’s and Broca’s area
  • Allows us to read aloud and repeat what others say
21
Q

Wernicke-Geschwind repeating spoken words

A
  • Auditory cortex processes speech sounds
  • Meaning is accessed in Wernicke’s area
  • Signals are transmitted via arcuate fasciculus to Broca’s area
  • Broca’s area forms a speech-type representation of the word
  • Instructions are sent to the motor cortex to execute action
22
Q

Wernicke-Geschwind repeating written words

A
  • Word is processed by the visual cortex
  • Information is transmitted to the angular gyrus.
  • The visual code is converted into a phonological in the angular gyrus
  • The phonological representation is interpreted in Wernicke’s area
  • Instructions are sent to the motor cortex to execute action
23
Q

Conduction aphasia lesion

A
  • damage to the arcuate fasciculus
24
Q

conduction aphasia symptoms

A
  • Good comprehension and production
  • Repetition and reading aloud has paraphrasic errors and may fail with multisyllabic or nonsense words
25
Q

Global aphasia

A
  • damage to temporal and frontal areas
  • poor comprehension, little speech and impaired repetition
26
Q

Issues with Wernicke-Geschwind Model

A
  • it is rare to find patients with damage confined to those regions
  • the model is oversimplified
  • functional distinctions aren’t mirrored in the brain
27
Q

Issues with Wernicke-Geschwind Broca’s area

A
  • it is only partly responsible for the ascribed function
  • recent study of Broca’s patient showed damage to the insula cortex, other deep white and grey matter and the forebrain nuclei
28
Q

Issues with Wernicke-Geschwind Wernicke’s area

A
  • damage to Wernicke’s area alone produces mild symptoms
  • initial swelling may cause the aphasia
  • Visual information can reach Broca’s area without going via the angular gyrus and Wernicke’s area
29
Q

Lichtheim’s model

A
  • interpretation and comprehension of language required conceptual knowledge stored in a region outside Broca and Wernicke’s areas, interconnected by white matter tracts
  • 3 types of disconnection damage could occur
30
Q

Lichtheim damage to pathway from Wernicke’s to Broca’s areas

A
  • this would be damage to the arcuate fasciculus
  • causes conduction aphasia
31
Q

Lichtheim damage to pathway from Wernicke’s to conceptual area

A
  • impairs comprehension of speech (but not repetition)
    -> transcortical sensory aphasia
32
Q

Lichtheim damage to pathway from conceptual area to Broca’s

A
  • similar to Broca’s aphasia, no repetition issues
    obsessive repetition of heard phrases
    -> transcortical motor aphasia
33
Q

electrical stimulation methods

A
  • Electrodes applied directly to the cortical surface whilst a patient was in surgery
    (Penfield)
34
Q

electrical stimulation LH

A
  • aphasic arrest areas correspond roughly to Broca’s, Wernicke’s and angular gyrus
35
Q

electrical stimulation of rostral regions

A
  • strong stimulation- stop a patient talking
  • weak stimulation- produce hesitant speech, mild anomia
  • -> production issues
36
Q

electrical stimulation of posterior regions

A
  • speech arrest or words confusion
  • -> comprehension issues
37
Q

Right hemisphere linguistic function

A
  • related to rhythm and expressive intonation in speaking and comprehension (surrounding meaning and emotional state of the speaker)

PS120 - neuropsychology (5 decks)

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