Week 4 Flashcards
1
Q
Common sense theory of emotion
A
- What emotional feelings do
- They produce motivated behaviour
- Stimulus – fear then body response from fear
2
Q
Cannon-bard theory
A
- Feelings and behaviour occur simultaneously
- Stimulus – fear and body response at the same time
3
Q
James-Lange theory
A
- Stimulus – body response then fear
- Behaviour comes first, feelings follow
- Theory of what emotions actually are and where they come from
- Doesn’t explain what emotions do
- Emotional feelings are sensory feelings
- Emotions stimulated when you perform actions
- Experience of a sensory feedback
- We feel sorry because we cry
4
Q
James-Lange bear example
A
- Scary bear stimulates exteroceptors
- Visual and auditory perception of stimulus lead to action programme (SNS)
- Behavioural responses stimulate receptors (somatosensory and visceral)
- Feedback of response causes the emotional experience
- Emotional experience motivates further action
- If no feedback, then no emotion
5
Q
Spinal issues associated with James-Lange
A
- People without body sensation should not experience emotion
- Loss of sensation is associated with spinal injury
- Emotions should be reduced the less the sensation
- Some studies have reported a reduction in intensity that is greater the higher the level of the injury
6
Q
Cannon-bard thalamus
A
- Emotionally significant stimulus send response to thalamus
- Thalamus is the source of emotional experience
- Thalamus sends to other subcortical structures including the hypothalamus to produce bodily responses
- Thalamus also sends signals to the cortex which produces emotional feelings
7
Q
Papez circuit
A
- Emotional stimulus causes signal to thalamus
- Thalamus sends signal to sensory cortex and hypothalamus
- Circuit
- Hypothalamus connected to bodily response
- Sensory cortex sends signal to cingulate cortex
- Hypothalamus to anterior thalamus to cingulate cortex to hippocampus
- Cingulate cortex linked to feeling
8
Q
Cingulate cortex
A
- Cortical tissue of the cingulate gyrus
9
Q
The limbic system
A
- Cingulate gyrus
- Hippocampus
- Parahippocampal gyrus
- Amygdala
- Hypothalamus
- Thalamus
10
Q
Emotional brain
A
- A brain system that is alone responsible for generating emotional experience
- Emotion is something separate fro other processes or functions such as memory, thought, perception
11
Q
Lobotomy
A
- Cutting through fibres of white matter
- Severs connections to and from the prefrontal cortex
- Orbitofrontal cortex, superior, medial and temporal regions of the prefrontal cortex
12
Q
Lobotomy impacts
A
- Depends on the extent and location
- Docile personalities
- Excessive and inappropriate emotions were reduced and eliminated
13
Q
Pathways involved in emotion
A
- Subcortical pathway – involved with emotional behaviour
- Cortical pathway – involved in production of feelings
14
Q
Pavlovian threat conditioning
A
- Conditional stimulus – beep
- Aversive unconditioned stimulus – shock
- Delay is most commonly used method
15
Q
Threat conditioning advantages
A
- Works quickly and reliability – CRs are acquired with little training
- Learned effects are very long – can be lifelong
- Operates in a range of species
16
Q
Threat conditioning – circuitry
A
- Entirely subcortical
- Auditory signals travel from the auditory nuclei to the auditory thalamus and then the amygdala
- Shock signals travel from the spinal cord to the somatosensory thalamus to the amygdala
- The amygdala – small cluster of nuclei
- LA – lateral nucleus
- CE – central nucleus
- CS and US information converges on the LA which then sends the output to the CE
- CE organises the response
- Sends to CG, LH and PVH
- CG – central grey – freeze responses
- LH – lateral hypothalamus – autonomic responses
- PVH – paraventricular hypothalamus – endocrine responses
17
Q
LA
A
lateral nucleus
18
Q
CE
A
central nucleus
19
Q
CG
A
central grey
freeze response
20
Q
LH
A
lateral hypothalamus
autonomic response
21
Q
PVH
A
paraventricular hypothalamus
endocrine response
22
Q
Threat conditioning in amnesiacs
A
- No declarative knowledge that the CS is threatening
- However exhibit CRs
23
Q
Damaged amygdalae in threat conditioning
A
- Do not acquire threat conditioning responses
- Do have declarative memory of the conditioning procedure
- Don’t learn to respond in a threat emotional way
24
Q
Where does the threat feelings arise?
A
- Cerebral cortex – as proposed by Cannon and Papez
25
Q
Does the cortex play a role in threat conditioning?
A
- Fine discriminations between stimuli
- Contextual learning
- Extinction
26
Q
Fine discriminations between stimuli
A
- Cortex involves in processing information – sensory instrument
- Discrimination between similar stimuli requires the relevant sensory areas of the cerebral cortex
- Only coarse sensory analysis is possible at the subcortical level
27
Q
What is the sensory cortex responsible for in threat conditioning?
A
- Sensory cortex is responsible for discrimination between stimuli of similar type and identification of distal stimuli (what is it that is threatening)
28
Q
What is the role of the amygdala in threat conditioning?
A
- Amygdala (particularly the LA) is the primary site of the learned changes that result from threat conditioning
29
Q
What is the role of the subcortical circuit in threat conditioning?
A
- Subcortical circuit is responsible for quick, coarse responses to threatening/dangerous stimuli
30
Q
Threat conditioning and context
A
- Response is stronger when the context is the same
- Hippocampus involved as it sends the contextual information
31
Q
Extinction in threat conditioning
A
- Inhibition in areas of the prefrontal cortex directly to the amygdala
- Suppresses the activity of the amygdala
32
Q
Lateralisation
A
- One side of the body is controlled by the opposing hemisphere
33
Q
Divided visual field theory
A
- Tests the effect of callosotomy and general lateralisation
- Relies on the visual pathway from the eye to the cerebral cortex via the LA
34
Q
Functional specialisation
A
- If a structure/region of the CNS performs one particular function, then it is said to be specialised for that function
35
Q
Functional localisation
A
- If a particular function is carried out only in one specific region or structure within the CNS, then it is said to be localised to that region or structure
36
Q
Functional lateralisation
A
- If a particular function is carried out in one side of the CNS but not the other, then that function is said to be lateralised
37
Q
Which other cortical regions share cross-over properties?
A
- Motor, visual and somatosensory cortex
38
Q
Can we conclude that the LA is the location of synaptic changes in conditioning?
A
- No, we need more information, could occur in the CE
39
Q
What would you expect to happen if the nuclei of the lateral hypothalamus were damaged or removed?
A
- Autonomic responses would be absent or reduced, but endocrine and skeletomotor responses would not be
40
Q
What would happen if the prefrontal cortex link to the amygdala was removed?
A
- It suppresses threat responses
- Removes this suppression
- Removes acquisition of suppression
41
Q
LeDoux
A
- Idea that there are two parallel circuits by which emotionally salient information reaches the amygdalae
- Based on Pavlovian threat conditioning studies
42
Q
Auditory cortex
A
- If deactivated, the animal responds to both stimuli
- As if they both signalled the shock
43
Q
Cortical components
A
- Slow with identification ability
- Can determine whether stimulus is worth responding to
44
Q
Subcortical circuit use
A
- Acts quickly to put the body in a state of readiness to deal with the upcoming danger or to escape from it
- Circuit acts beneath the level of conscious awareness but has limited discriminative ability
