Week 5 Flashcards
Migrants
Choose to move not because of a direct threat of persecution or death, but mainly to improve their live by finding work, or in some cases for education, family reunion. Migrants can choose to return home, they will continue to receive the protection of their government
Refugees
People who have fled war, violence, conflict or persecution and have crossed an international border to find safety in another country. Is someone who is unable or unwilling to return to their country of origin owning to a well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group
Asylum seeker
Someone whose request for sanctuary has yet to be processed
Internally displaced people
Have not crossed a border to find safety. Unlike refugees, they are on the run at home. IDPs stay within their own country and remain under the protection of its government, even if that government is the reason for their displacement
Refugee law
The body of (customary) international law that establishes the rights and duties states have vis-a-vis refugees
International human rights law
Governs the obligations of states towards citizens and other individuals within their jurisdiction
Humanitarian law
Regulates the law in war or armed conflict and seeks to limit the effects of war by protecting persons who are not participating in hostilities
1951 refugees convention. Art 1. Defines a refugee as a person who:
As a result of events and owing to well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group is outside the country of his nationality and is unable or unwilling to avail himself of the protection of that country
1967 protocol relation to the status of refugees
Removed the temporal and geographic restrictions, thus defining a refugee as:
A person who owning to a well-founded fear of being persecuted … is outside the country of his nationality and is unable or is unwilling to avail himself of the protection of that country
Fundamental principles
- Non-discrimination
- Non-penalization
- Non-refoulement
Non-discrimination
Art 3, the contracting states shall apply the provisions of this convention to refugees without discrimination as to race, religion, or country of origin
Non-penalization
Art 31, subject to specific exceptions refugees should not be penalized for their illegal entry or stay
Non-refoulement
Art 33, no contracting state shall expel or return a refugee in any manner whatsoever to the frontiers of territories where his life or freedom would be threatened on account of his race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group or political opinion
Securitization
Constructivist ‘Copenhagen School’
From objective security to perceived security
Broader focus than military threats
Non-politicized
The state does not cope with the issue. The issue is not included in the public debate
Politicized
The issue is managed within the standard political system
Securitized
The issue is framed as a security question through an act of securitization. A securitizing actor articulates an already politicized issue as an existential threat to a referent object
Refugees as a …
Military threat
Environmental threat
Economic threat
Social threat
Political threat
Framing problematic
Little/no room for agency in women’s political violence
Risk of ideological or political motivates overlooked
Women reduced to victim or irrational actors
Women’s role in extremism
Suicide bombs
Propagandist
Operational roles
Facvilitative roles
Advantages of women
Perceived as less of a threat
Attract less attention
Can enter crowded areas easily
Can reach ‘softer target’ and make more victims
Propaganda and recruiters
Malika el around
Internet jihad, spread inflammatory messages and images
8 years prison
Less visible roles
Collecting information
Caring for the wounded
Forging documents
Book keeping
Hiding fighters
Raising funds
Women’s roles in ISIS
Mother and wife’s
Facilitates roles
State building efforts - education and healthcare
Al Khansaa brigade
Pathways into violent extremism
Identity
religious
Purpose of life
Prospect of marriage
Other ways
Identity
US vs. them
Feel unwanted in Western society
Sisterhood
Way of expressing societal discontent
Frustrated by western ideal of feminine
Debate on wearing headscarf
Fulfill their divine destiny
Religious
Religious duty
Increase chance of entering Jannah
Religious redemption
Prospect of living in the caliphate
Purpose of life
One in a lifetime opportunity
Being part of something bigger and divine
Feeling unrecognized and unappreciated at home
Prospect of marriage
Romantic
Pragmatic - fulfilling role in Jihad
Be wife of courageous fighter
Status
Be wife of a man with the same ideas
Other ways
Prospect of clean slate
Way of claiming agency over their life
Sexual liberation from parents
Judicial response
Membership
Financing
Preparation of terrorist offences
War crimes
Criminal charges
Examples judicial response
Angela B - 4,5 years for membership
German case - 5 years for membership, pillage and violating weapon laws
Jennifer w. - 10 years for membership, war crime, violating weapons laws
Nadine K. - 9 years for membership and crimes against humanity
Dutch case - 6 years for terrorist related offences and war crimes
War crimes
Inhumane and degrading treatment of persons
Human trafficking
Deprivation of liberty
Pillage
Child recruitment into armed group
Other complicating factors for charges
Passports confiscated
Fear
Domestic and sexual violence
Sold, coerced or trafficked into ISIS
Is it a choice or just trying to survive
women narratives
Mother
Monster
Whore
3 types of women in ISIS
Manipulated in IS without legitimate choice
Helpless female victims
Brace and honorable women battening ISIS
Structural violence against women
Lack of access to healthcare, education and formal employment
Examples structural violence
Forced pregnancy
Child marriage and denial of education
Survival sex
