Week 2

Question 1

Use of history

Answer 1

The life of nations and human kind
explains what happend and can teach us something
Winners write history
tool to unite nations and pass on values

Question 2

Ottoman empire

Question 3

Sir Mark sykes

Answer 3

Uk
Catholic
Promise arab land to figth against Ottoman Empire
Iraq was the future
protect imperial interest
Securing part of medditeranean
Protect the jews

Question 4

Francios george-picot

Answer 4

France
Imperialist
Historic civilizing mission
Secure agribusiness
safeguard investements
protect marionette christians in lebanon

Question 5

Sykes-picot agreement

Answer 5

Negotiations finished in 1916
Part for Italy, Russia, Britain, France
Groundwork for war
Drawing lines in the sand

Question 6

Meanwhile in the arab world (1915-1920)

Answer 6

Uk agreed in Hussein-Mcmohon correspone that it would support the Arab independence if they fight agianst ottoman empire
Lots of false promises
1916 British and French troops send to the arab world

Question 7

After the war

Answer 7

1920: redrawing map M-E-San remo conference & treaty of sevres
Indirect rule in Iraq and Jordan by Britain
Lots of plan on power, but some countries had no powr to stay in power

Question 8

Syria 1920-1932

Answer 8

France given control over syria - had no idea knowledge about the country
made substates with certain minorities and local rules

Question 9

Syria 1930-1958

Answer 9

State of syria is declared
Treate of indepence 1936 - not ratified by France
Indepence in 1945 by UN
Instability; 3 coups in 1949

Question 10

Syria 1958-1961

Answer 10

Instability, commonalities policy and egyption preseidnt Nassar
United arab republic 1958 - pan arab state
Syrian political parties dissolved and withdrawal army from politics

Question 11

Syria 1961-1963

Answer 11

Failing economy and political system
Centralized, military dictatorship was destroying syria’s politic and economic
Coup d’état: Syrian Arab Republic
Coups and counter coups

Question 12

Syria 1963-1972

Answer 12

Ba’ath party in crisis; establishing military committee
Ba’ath coup d’etat 1963
Internal power struggle
coup in 1966
Lost six day war with Israel
1970: Hafez Al-Assad became leader

Question 13

Syria 1972 - 1980

Answer 13

Federation of arab republics 1972-1977
Yom kippur 1973; defeat after initial successes
Assad as symbol of the government
Muslim brotherhood - islamic group

Question 14

Syria 1980-2011

Answer 14

State terrorism - hama massaere 1982
reversed democratization
Death hafez al-assad 2000
Bashar Al-assad new leader

Question 15

In the area in 2000

Answer 15

Iraq invasion in Kuwait
Us invasion of Iraq - removal of Suddan Hoessein
Un troops on the border of israel
Peace between jordan and Israel
Civil war in lebanon since 1970’s
Kurds fighting with turkish groups - PKK

Question 16

Syria 2011-…

Answer 16

Daraa “The people want the fall of the regime”
Initially, concessions
Free Syrian army created in july 2011 - sill also muslim brotherhood
at first aleppo and damscus remained largely univaded
Protests are peachfully but taken down violently
Caputered by Salafi Jihadist groups
Chemical attack - sarin

Question 17

Proxy war

Answer 17

States (sponsors) aid and abet non-state proxies involved in a conflict against a common adversary or target

Question 18

Motivation from sponsors

Answer 18

Coercion, disruption or transofmation

Question 19

consequences of a proxy war

Answer 19

Proxy forces have risk that they can be treated as expendable by their external patrons
Sponsor states have the risk to get involved in escalated conflict and the unitended consequence of backing rebel forces
Response from target states to proxy war is to support non-state groups fighting against the sponsors