Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Health and Illness 4 : Part2 > WEEK 4 : Vascular disorders > Flashcards

WEEK 4 : Vascular disorders Flashcards

1
Q

true or false. the concept of perfusion is cells receiving adequate oxygen and nutrients

A

true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is this describing : ability to pump and how well that blood can mov into blood vessels

A

perfusion : blood pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

which area does altered perfusion affect ?

A

low blood flow to a specific area or generally

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

sensation changes is one of the signs and symptoms : what undergoes this

A

numbness or pins and needles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

ishcemic pain does not have to be in peripherally or centrally it can be chest pain as well with altered perfusion?

A

yes this is true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

these are the diagnostics tests for altered perfusion: vascular problem

  • EKG
  • Blood work (enzyme rise)
  • Angiography
  • Ultrasound (doppler)
  • CT scan

explain

A

ischemia to the heart

lack of oxygen release enzymes
tropinin is released from a cardiac muscle – patency blocked areas

can be deployed to open up

extremities to palpate a pulse
blood flow to the area to the body - angiogram is much better

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

when it comes to arterial occlusion:
limb is affected
what does pulse indicate?
if we cannot palpate ( act quickly )
pain because of ischemia

A

pulse indicate blood flow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

abrupt occlusion is something we can deal quickly
quick symptoms
notify dr as soon as possible
are those true ?

what can obstruction be ?

A

can be blood clot, or fibrin, or narrowin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Medication to promote increased blood flow
* vasodilators, antihypertensives, diuretics

why are diuretics used ?

A

to remove excess fluid because of venous dysfunction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is this describing : the disease is undetected for years -impedded the blood flow
and accelerating the plaque in the artery walls

A

hypertension

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what could be a caused of hypertensive crisis?

A

diagnosed in hypertension but stopped taking medications

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what does patients develop when they have htn crisis ?

A

cerebral edema

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

hypertensive crisis: severe headache, blurred vision, dizzy, SOB, epistaxis, anxiety , recall these are the symptoms

why are they experiencing sob
and epitaxis?

A

pressure gets very high in the lungs
tiny blod vessles get burst and then nose bleeds- epitaxis
often feel anxious when these symptoms are occuring

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

affected in lowering blood pressure
should not be dropped too quickly when it comes to hypertensive crisis

with hypertensive crisis - cerebral edema , why is this happening , and what would out intervention be ?

A

because of leakage
to reduce this - position in semi fowlers , less blood is flowing through their brain

ensure oxy sat is 92 is above

assess head to toe ( neuro done frequently )

ensure is producing adequate amount of urine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is causing the cad

coronary artery disease

A

the diseae is caused by atheroclesoris causing it to narrow
can have a clot formed on top of the plaque and continuum in coronary artery
stable angina to mi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

where does the symptoms typically occurs with pts who have cad /

A

majority happen in centralize chest pain
( chest pain that may radiate )

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

recall that these : * nausea & vomiting
* diaphoresis
* dyspnea
* anxiety/fatigue

often indicates disease progression

A

start with stable angina and cannot control indicate progressing partial or full occlusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Coronary Artery Disease
Analyze Cues- ACS
Diagnostic Testing

A
  • ECG
  • Cardiac enzymes (Troponin)
  • Coronary angiogram*
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

define the description for the diagnostic testing for cad
* ECG
* Cardiac enzymes (Troponin)
* Coronary angiogram*

A

changes in st segment
st elevation is infraction

depression is associate with ischemia and st elevation is associated with infraction
not receiving oxygenated blood

cardiac enzymes - whenever its damage. releases troponin - this support the diagnoses of mi
coronary angio - catheter for femoral artery in the groin or the wrist , threaded dye in injected radiologist and look at the big screen can see blood flow through the heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Coronary Artery Disease
Plan and Prioritize-ACS

what is the worst thing that can happen?

A

complete occlusion of a cornary artrey

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Any patient who presents with chest pain: with complete occlusion of a coronary artery
what type of diagnostic test are we doing ?

A
  • ECG
  • Cardiac enzymes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

big priority :
competed occluded part of the heart muscle not receiving oxygenated blood

chest pain understand the severity - do ekg and cardiac enzymes 0 recognize quickly

just read

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

exemplar : #2 coronary artery disease
take acion - acs
intervention for acs

give a brief description on cad

A

myocardium not receiving adequate oxygenated blood

oxygen
ecg/cardiac monioring
pain assesmetn and management
frequent s
iv access
meds ( nitro, asa, clop)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

why is cardiac monitoring important ?

A

is when myocardial developing dysrthmias

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

pain assesment what are we utilizing ?

A

opqrstuv
and pain scale ( nitroglycerin ) if not controlling might change in iv route in continous hepful in doesnt help in original

morphine could also be used, this causes vasodiliation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

why should frequent vital signs be utilized ?

A

establish a baseline
not lowering bp, too much
nitro and morphine - cause low bp

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

asa and clop decreases what ?

A

decrease amount of platelets aggression, could be causing blockage in coronary arteries

28
Q

open blocked artery: what are the interventions

A

angioplasty
cabg ( open heart sx )
TPA ( far from hospital )

29
Q

what is angioplasty?

A

gold standard injecting dye with balloon stent

30
Q

cabg ( open heart sx )

A

may open up corporate vessel

31
Q

tpa causes bleeding in the ____, therefore frequent assessments of what is needed ?

A

brain , frequent neuro checks

32
Q

cabg could open what type of vessel?

A

corporate vessel

33
Q

interventions for post angioplasty

monitor for :

A

bleeding from insertion site
acute closure of vessel ( CP, increase st )
contrast dye reaction
vital signs ( low bp , dysrhythmias )

34
Q

band is over the incision wrist
that band is inflated with air ( we take a syringe to inject air ) little punch to apply a bit of pressure

in over time to deflate and remove of air and no signs take off the band

bandage insertion site - job is look for any signs of bleeding, blood pouring out or it might be a lot of swelling under the ski ( internal bleeding )
put pressure to stop bleeding

reocclude- back to where they started , chest pain, st elevation and go right back to intervention ( ekg, vs, adequate oxy, nitro, notfiy dr)
reaction to the dye - pt may have develop rash and give antihistamine
anaphylaxis- immediate intervention

vital signs - regular intervention, look for blood pressure ( closely )
increase chance of dyes. because heart is manipulated ( causing dizzy=- not adequate co )
notify dr

just reead ( interventions for post angio )

A
35
Q

exemplar #2 coronary artery disease
take action - acs

in manitoba, all cardiac surgery is done at st boniface hospital

icu initial care :
initially

A

intubated, large chest tubes, pacemaker wires

36
Q

icu initial care : watch out for

A

anginal pain
bleeding
decreased loc/dysrhythmias
electrolyte + fluid imbalance
hypothermia/hypertension/hypotension

37
Q

is this true or false. this is initially come out in the cardiac ICU lot of tubes and intubated and chest tube against their lungs and tubes draining from sites.

A

true

38
Q

true or false. pacemaker wires from heart muscles is seen. What is this in risk for ?

A

dysrhythmias

39
Q

OR is very cold and what can this caused ?

A

this can caused hypothermic, and blood loss in the surgery ( nurses will use warming blanket )

40
Q

interventions for patients on the cardiac surgery ward : cabg

recall is
deep breathing and coughing
discharge teaching
cardaic rehab refferal
monitor for complications
supervised ambulation

explain

A

db and coughing to avoid atelectasis in the lungs

supervisd ambulation to avoid dvt

discharge teaching such as not driving, or how much weight and activities ( take a while to heal )

cardiab rehab referall - after a cabg , refit or wellness ( physio or nurses to get exercise or walk around, monitor health )

41
Q

just read : supplmeent oxyegn for awhile to improve that situation
if there is alot of pain the sternum ( breast bone )
avoid taking deep breaths ( the patient ) not getting good exchange and decrease oxygen sat
incision site and graft sites ( chest or leg )
any tubes coming out of he body ( infection )

neuro status is something we will monitor ( anaesthetic ) or clot has dislodged ( rate complication ) but monitor

A
42
Q

what is this describing in terms of the complications of cad: loss of cardaic output as nurses say crashing bp is low, unrespoinsive not getting to the brain, and shutting down organs
this is emerg

A

cardiogenic shock

43
Q

true or false. cardiogenic shock is a large mi

A

true

44
Q

what is pad ?

A

partial or total occlusion, usually in the legs

45
Q

what is claudification?

A

intermittent ( ishcemic muscle ache, resolve with rest, triggered with exercise )

46
Q

what is this describing : did not get enough blood supply, extreme part of the body ( end of the toes and the feet )

A

necrosis/gangrene

47
Q

what is an ankle brachial index?

A

ankle pressure is compared to arm- if its lower than 1 - low blood flow to the foot

48
Q

what are the two major complications ? what is our priorities

A

ulcer location and appearance
sudden peripheral artery occlusion

49
Q

furthest from the heart - hardest to supply blood flow
is what location?

A

end/between on the toes

50
Q

pale and round edges is due to what

A

due to lack of bloodflow

51
Q

true or false. clot that makes it way down the artery and blocks off bloodflow can occur

A

yes this is true, often from mi or AFIB ( sudden peripheral artery occlusion )

52
Q

true or false. sometimes clot from coronary artery - goes peripheral

A

this is true

53
Q

PAD
take action
promote blood vessel health : risk factor modification and exercise

what is it

A

walking to increase collateral circulation
walk until discomfort, rest, resume

54
Q

what is the goal for promoting blood vessel health

A

increase the amount of the pt can walk before experiencing clotication

55
Q

what should the position be for pad

A

keep limbs below heart ( anything above the heart - harder to perfuse )

if pain at night dangle from bef

56
Q

what is the drug theraphy for pad

A

antiplatelets, antihypertensive, pentoxifylline

57
Q

what does pentoxifylline do ?

A

increase blood flow, by reducing viscosity, and enhancing ( rbc flexibility )

58
Q

what is the intervention to promote vasodillation?for apd

A

keep feet warm ( socks ( not too tight ) insulated shoes

59
Q

what are the two non surgical interventions to increase blood flow

A

balloon angioplasty with stent insertion

atherectomy

60
Q

true or false. thrombus can form immediately after and stop bloodflow - look for changes to the feet (the p’s)

A

true

61
Q

true or false. pad has the same complications as coronary angioplasty?

A

true

62
Q

atherectomy : what happens ?

A

dislodges plaque and gets rid of it - often on blood thinners for a while to avoid clot formation

63
Q

what is surgical intervention to increase blood flow for pad

A

femoral popliteal bypass graft around an occluded femoral artery

64
Q

what should we look for when it comes to cwcm after post op care

A

look for htn - bad for graft and cause it to fail
hypotension- can indicate blood loss and bleeding

atlectasis or pneumonia

65
Q

comapartment syndrome
think of 6 p’s

this is alot of swelling in a fixed area - affects circulation

A
66
Q

ambulation as soon as possble when it comes to femoral politeal bypass graft

A

yes but supervised first

67
Q
A

Health and Illness 4 : Part2 (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions