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Embryology (COLLECTIVE) > Week 4 to 8 - Organogenetic Period > Flashcards

Week 4 to 8 - Organogenetic Period Flashcards

1
Q

During the fourth to eighth weeks period the embryo will develop the ___, the tissues will differentiate fast, so any exposure to teratogens during this period may cause congenital anomalies.

A

main organ systems

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2
Q

Nervous and cardiovascular systems will begin to develop during weeks ______ which is important to support a live fetus.

A

4-8

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3
Q

agents such as drugs and viruses that produce or increase the incidence of congenital anomalies.

A

Teratogens

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4
Q

The normal development of an embryo can be divided into three phases, which are interrelated:

A

Growth, Morphogenesis, and Differentiation

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5
Q

First phase: consists of cell division

A

Growth

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6
Q

Second phase: _______, the development of shape, size, or other features of a particular organ or part of the whole of the body.

A

Morphogenesis

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7
Q

Third phase: maturation of physiologic processes.

A

Differentiation.

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8
Q

During the fourth week of development a significant event is the establishment of body form by folding of the flat trilaminar disc into a cylindrical embryo.

A

“Folding of the embryo”

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9
Q

The fast growth of the embryo is responsible for the folding of the _____ and ______ planes.

A

median and horizontal

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10
Q

Folding at the cranial and caudal ends occurs simultaneously. This causes constriction at the junction of the embryo and _______

A

umbilical vesicle (yolk sac).

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11
Q

As the embryo’s head folds, heart will be dorsally pushed to directly above the ____. This is important for proper location of the heart. It is rare to see heart beating outside of chest.

A

diaphragm

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12
Q

HEAD FOLD: During week 4, the neural folds in the cranial region thickened forming the _____ of the brain

A

primordium

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13
Q

HEAD FOLD: The developing embryo projects into the ____ and as development advances it grows beyond the oropharyngeal membrane and overhangs the developing heart.

A

amniotic cavity

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14
Q

The _______, primordial heart, pericardial coelom, and oropharyngeal membrane move onto the ventral surface of the embryo. After folding the septum transversum lies caudal to the heart where later it will develop into the central tendon of the diaphragm.

A

septum transversum or transverse septum

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15
Q

After folding, the pericardial coelom lies ventral to the heart and cranial to the septum transversum and the intraembryonic coelom communicates on each side with the ______

A

extraembryonic coelom

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16
Q

In week four of development, the heart is located outside of the chest. There is no space or _______ cavity because it is folding.

A

Pericardial

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17
Q

Head Fold: During folding, part of the endoderm of the umbilical vesicle goes into the embryo as the ____ (primordium of pharynx, esophagus, etc).

A

foregut

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18
Q

Head fold: The foregut lies between the brain and heart, and the ____.

A

oropharyngeal membrane

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19
Q

Head fold: The ____ will form the digestive track from the esophagus to a portion of the anus.

A

Endoderm

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20
Q

Head fold: From the foregut, a small attachment comes interior to the esophagus, forming the ____. The embryo will begin swallowing.

A

Trachea

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21
Q

Tail fold: The growing of the ______ (spinal cord primordium) causes the tail to grow.

A

neural tube

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22
Q

The ______ or tail region projects over the cloacal membrane.

A

caudal eminence

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23
Q

The future site of the anus is called the

A

cloacal membrane

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24
Q

The ____ or the primordium of the descending colon is incorporated to the embryo during folding and is part of the endodermal layer.

A

hindgut

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25
Q

The ___ or primordium of the urinary bladder and the rectum forms when the terminal part of the hindgut dilates slightly.

A

cloaca

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26
Q

The ____ or primordium of the umbilical cord is now attached to the ventral surface of the embryo, and a diverticulum of the umbilical vesicle called the allantois, is partially incorporated into the embryo.

A

connecting stalk

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27
Q

During ___ the three layers that will give rise to the primordia of all tissues and organs are formed: Ectoderm, Mesoderm and Endoderm.

A

gastrulation

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28
Q

This germ layer gives rise to the CNS, PNS, sensory epithelia of the eye, ear, and nose. Epidermis and its appendages; mammary glands; pituitary gland and enamel of teeth

A

Ectoderm

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29
Q

Neural crest cells derived from ___ gives rise to the cells of the spinal and cranial nerves.

A

neuroectoderm

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30
Q

Germ layer that gives rise to connective tissue; cartilage; bone; striated and smooth muscles; heart blood and lymphatic vessels; kidneys; ovaries; testes; genital ducts; serous membrane lining the body cavities and cortex of suprarenal glands.

A

Mesoderm

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31
Q

Mesoderm forms the ___, which forms primordia for muscle cells. This will migrate and help information for all of the muscles.

A

somite

32
Q

Reproductive system development occurs at week ___ in the male and around week ___ in the female.

A

7,12

33
Q

This germ layer gives rise to the epithelial lining of the gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts, parenchyma of tonsils, thyroid and parathyroid glands, thymus, liver and pancreas, epithelial lining of the urinary bladder; urethra, tympanic cavity and pharyngotympanic or auditory tube.

A

Endoderm

34
Q

Which germ layer are all digestive tubes a part of?

A

endoderm

35
Q

At the beginning of week ___ the embryo has four to 12 somites. The neural tube is formed opposite the somites, widely open at the rostral and caudal neuropores, which are openings at the cranial and caudal regions.

A

four

36
Q

In a 24 days old embryo the first two ___ are visible. The first arch is the mandibular arch and will give rise to mandible or lower jaw and the maxilla or upper jaw. The second arch or hyoid arch. The heart produces a large ventral prominence and pumps blood.

A

pharyngeal arches

37
Q

The forebrain produces a prominent elevation of the head, called the____.

A

forebrain prominence.

38
Q

By day 26, the ___ are seen as small swellings of the ventrolateral body walls

A

limb buds

39
Q

The ___, which are the primordia of the internal ears, are also visible by day 26.

A

otic pits

40
Q

The ____, are ectodermal thickenings and they indicate the future lenses of the eyes. (day 26)

A

lens placodes

41
Q

Towards the end of week four, there is rapid development of the

A

forebrain

42
Q

By day 28, ___, the caudal eminence, which is a long tail-like, becomes a characteristic feature.

A

Carnegie stage 13

43
Q

At day 28 a rudimentary ____ system, is established.

A

cardiovascular

44
Q

By the end of the fourth week, the caudal ___ is usually closed

A

neuropore

45
Q

During the fifth week, changes occur mostly on the head, which changes fast due to the growing of the ___ and facial prominences.

A

brain

46
Q

In the fifth week, the second ____ overgrows the third and fourth arches, forming a lateral ectodermal depression on each side the cervical sinus.

A

pharyngeal arch

47
Q

A six week embryo already show reflex response to ___.

A

touch

48
Q

During the sixth week, the upper limbs differentiate and show the elbow, large handplates, and the primordia of the fingers, called ___

A

digital rays.

49
Q

The lower limbs develop ___days after the upper limbs.

A

4 to 5

50
Q

In the sixth week the ____ and the external acoustic ___ form.

A

auricular hillocks meatus

51
Q

During the sixth week, the intestines enter the extraembryonic coelom in the proximal part of the ___.

A

umbilical cord.

52
Q

The ____ in the sixth week of development is common in embryos this age, and is because the abdominal cavity is too small at this age.

A

umbilical herniation

53
Q

The hernia formed during week six in most embryos is very thick, but by week ___ the diameter decreases significantly.

A

8

54
Q

The 7th week of development is characterized by the changes on the ___

A

limbs.

55
Q

During the 7th week, ___ appear between the digital rays in the handplates, indicating the future fingers

A

Notches

56
Q

In week 7, the communication between the ___ and umbilical vesicle is reduced.

A

primordial gut

57
Q

Ossification of the bones of the upper limbs begins during week

A

7

58
Q

Cartilage and bone will ossify during week 7. The ___ ossifies first, followed by the femur. The length of the femur is usually measured and compared with other babies of same age.

A

clavicle

59
Q

The 8th week marks the end of the ___ period.

A

embryonic

60
Q

During the eighth week, digits of the hand are separated, but ___

A

webbed

61
Q

The ____ is still present at week 8, but very small

A

caudal eminence

62
Q

The ___ appears during week 8 and forms a band around the head.

A

scalp vascular plexus

63
Q

Ossification begins in the ___ at week 8

A

femur

64
Q

The ___ start closing during week 8

A

eyelids

65
Q

In week 8, the ____ are still in the proximal portion of the umbilical cord.

A

intestines

66
Q

During the eighth week of development, ____ begins to appear

A

external genitalia

67
Q

ONLY after week 8 you will be able to know if formation of __ and ___ is complete

A

hands and limbs

68
Q

Obstetricians date pregnancy from the first day of the LNMP= Last Normal Menstrual Period. This is the ___

A

gestational age.

69
Q

The ___, begins at fertilization, two weeks after the LNMP

A

embryonic age

70
Q

Errors in establishing the LNMP in woman who become pregnant after cessation of oral contraception are frequent, due to the fact that the ___affect the time of ovulation.

A

hormones

71
Q

___ assessment of the size of the chorionic (gestational) cavity and its embryonic contents enables clinicians to obtain an accurate estimate of the date of conception.

A

Ultrasound

72
Q

Around week four of development, transvaginal US you will see gestational sac. As the embryo grows, cavity of gestational sac will ____

A

Decrease

73
Q

____ to ____ length is used to determine the age and expected date of delivery

A

crown to rump

74
Q

Estimation of the age of embryos recovered after a ____, is determined from their external characteristics and measurements of their length.

A

spontaneous abortion

75
Q

The appearance of the developing ____ is a helpful criterion for estimating embryonic age.

A

limbs

76
Q

You count the number of ___ after a spontaneous abortion to estimate embryonic age.

A

somites

Embryology (COLLECTIVE) (6 decks)

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