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Embryology (COLLECTIVE) > Introduction to Human Development > Flashcards

Introduction to Human Development Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 6 processes that transform the fertilized oocyte into a multicellular human being?

A
  1. Cell division 2. Cell migration 3. Differentiation 4. Programmed cell death 5. Growth 6. Rearrangement
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2
Q

What is the highly specialized totipotent cell that results from fertilization called?

A

Zygote

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3
Q

Human development is usually divided into prenatal and postnatal periods. Name the two prenatal periods and the 4 postnatal periods.

A

Prenatal 1. Embryonic 2. Fetal Postnatal 1. Infancy 2. Childhood 3. Puberty 4. Adulthood

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4
Q

Differentiation and growth of tissues and organs occur and the rate of body growth increases in what period?

A

Fetal

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5
Q

The fetal period starts on what day? What is the duration of this period?

A

Day 57 Day 57-birth

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6
Q

What weeks are the embryonic period?

A

Week 3-week 8

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7
Q

How long is a trimester? How long is pregnancy?

A

3 months 3 trimesters = 9 months

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8
Q

What is an oocyte? Where is it produced?

A
  1. Female germ or sex cell
  2. Produced in the ovaries
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9
Q

What is a sperm? Where is it produced?

A
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10
Q

What is cleavage?

A

the mitotic divisions of the zygote that results in the formation of early stem cells

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11
Q

What is a morula?

A

Mass of 12 or 32 blastomeres formed by cleavage of a zygote.

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12
Q

What is a blastocyst? What is the process by which the blastocyst attaches to the endometrium?

A

The morula fills with fluid and the blastocystic cavity and the embryoblast develops.

The process is implantation.

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13
Q

What is the gastrula? What is the neurula?

A
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14
Q

How long does the embryonic period last?

A

56 days

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15
Q

What is the difference between conceptus and abortus?

A

Conceptus is the embryo and its associated membranes (adnexa)

Abortus is products of the abortion (the embryo or fetus and its membranes)

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16
Q

Which of the following is a major characteristic of meiosis I?

A. Splitting of the centromere

B. Pairing of homologous chromosomes

C. Reducing the amount of DNA to 1N

D. Achieving the diploid number of chromosomes

E. Producing primordial germ cells

A
17
Q

A normal somatic cell contains a total of 46 chromosomes. What is the normal complement of chromosomes found in a sperm?

A. 22 autosomes plus a sex chromosome

B. 23 automosmes plus a sex chromosome

C. 22 autosomes

D. 23 autosomes

E. 23 paired autosomes

A
18
Q

What are the different kinds of abortions (7)?

A
  1. Habitual
  2. Missed
  3. Complete
  4. Miscarriage
  5. Threatened
  6. Spontaneous
  7. Induced
19
Q

What is a threatened abortion? What percentage of clinically apparent pregnancies end up in threatened abortion? What percentage of all pregnancies end up in abortions?

A
20
Q

What is a spontaneous abortion? When does it usually occcur? What is the percentage of spontaenous abortion?

A
21
Q

What is a habitual abortion?

A
22
Q

What is an induced abortion?

A
23
Q

What is a complete abortion?

A
24
Q

What is a missed abortion?

A
25
Q

What is a miscarriage?

A
26
Q

What is the difference between embryology and teratology?

A
27
Q

What is thalidomide? What are the two unique limb abnormalities that resulted from thalidomide? Describe the two abnormalities.

A
28
Q

What is the difference between paracrine signaling and juxtacrine signaling?

A

Paracrine Signaling- the environment is affected

Juxatrcine- neighboring cells

29
Q

What is menarche?

A

The age of onset of the menstural cycle. 11-13 years old in females.

30
Q

Infancy is identified by these characteristics:

A
31
Q

Childhood is defined by these characteristics:

A
32
Q

Puberty is identified by these characteristics:

A
33
Q

Adulthood is characteristized by:

A
  • Full growth and maturirty occuring around ages 18-21
  • Completed ossification ( formation of bones) occurs around ages 21-25
34
Q

What is gene expression?

A

Gene expression by which the genetic code or nucelotide sequence is used to prmote protein synthesis and the production of structures of the cell.

  • some genes are expressed continuously, as they produce proteins involved in basic metabolic functions
  • some genes are expressed as part of the process of cell differentiation
35
Q

What are formed as a result of interactions between cells and tissues?

A
36
Q

What is induction? Explain the mesenchymal-epithelial interaction.

A
  • Changing the fate of a set of cells or tissues by one set of cells or tissues
  • The fate of epithelial cells is changed when the mesenchymal cells interact with the epithelial cells making them disappear and the appearance of mesenchymal cells
37
Q

What anatomical position is shown at A?

At B?

At C?

At D?

A

A: Cranial

B: Ventral

C: Caudal

D: Dorsal

39
Q

What plane is shown at A?

at B?

at C?

at D?

A

A: Transverse

B: Frontal

C: Sagittal

D: Medial

Embryology (COLLECTIVE) (6 decks)

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