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(old)SK298 > Week 4 - The biology of the developing nervous system > Flashcards

Week 4 - The biology of the developing nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

What is a congential condition?

A

A condition which arises as a result of abnormal development and is therefore present at birth

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2
Q

What is a zygote?

A

A single cell created by the fusion of the sperm and egg

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3
Q

What does the term diploid mean?

A

The name given to a cell that carries two complete paired sets of chromosomes

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4
Q

What is a gamete?

A

A reproductive cell (sperm/egg)

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5
Q

What is a haploid cell?

A

One which carries only one set of unpaired chromosomes

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6
Q

What are somatic cells?

A

All cells other than the reproductive cells (gametes)

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7
Q

What are the two main phases of the cell cycle?

A
  • Interphase
  • Mitotic phase
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8
Q

Broadly speaking, what happens during the interphase part of the cell cycle?

A

The cell prepares to divide

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9
Q

Broadly speaking, what happens during the mitotic phase of cell division?

A

The cell divides

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10
Q

The S phase is part of which stage of cell division?

A

The mitotic phase

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11
Q

What happens during S phase?

A

The DNA within the cell is replicated, producing two complete copies

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12
Q

What does the term cytokinesis refer to?

A

The cell membrane pinching in around the middle of the cell and the cell splitting into two daughter cells

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13
Q

Is symmetrical or asymmetrical cell division the most important type?

A

Asymmetrical - it provides opportunity for cells to diversify into different types

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14
Q

What is a morula?

A

The ball of cells that reaches the uterus 3-4 days post fertilisation

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15
Q

What is a blastocyst?

A

The ball of cells that implants into the wall of the uterus

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16
Q

How is a blastocyst different from a morula?

A

A blastocyst has two different types of cells in it

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17
Q

What are the outer cells of blastocysts called?

A

Trophoblasts

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18
Q

What do trophoblasts go on to form after implantation?

A

The placenta

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19
Q

How many cells does the morula consist of?

A

16

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20
Q

What is gastrulation?

A

The formation of 3 distinct tissue source layers via cell diversification in a developing embryo

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21
Q

What are ectoderm cells?

A

Cells which will form skin, hair and the lining of structures such as the nose and mouth, and the nervous system

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22
Q

What are mesoderm cells?

A

A type of cell that forms the muscles, skeleton and blood

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23
Q

What are endoderm cells?

A

A type of cell that forms the lining of the respiratory tract, digestive tract and bladder

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24
Q

Around how long post fertilisation does the development of the nervous system begin?

A

18 days

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25
Q

In the developing nervous system, what is the tissue source layer that the neural plate arises from?

A

The ectoderm

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26
Q

What is the neural groove?

A

The first step in the formation of the nervous system

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27
Q

What is the role of the notochord during nervous system development?

A

It plays an important role in diverisfying and migrating cells

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28
Q

What orientation does the term ventral refer to?

A

Bottom or lower

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29
Q

What does the Sonic hedgehog gene do?

A

It codes one signal used by the notochord to help cells orient themselves during development

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30
Q

What is the reason for the name of the ‘Sonic hedgehog’ gene?

A

A mutant gene first found in fruit fly embryos causes the embryo to present a stunted and spiky appearance

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31
Q

What is the meaning of the term neural tube defect (NTD)?

A

Congenital conditions that occur when the neural tube does not close, leaving the neural tissue exposed to amniotic fluid

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32
Q

What happens if the neural tube does not close during development?

A

The neural tube will be exposed to amniotic fluid and neural tube defects are likely to occur

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33
Q

What is anencephaly?

A

A neural tube defect where the neural tube fails to close anteriorly

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34
Q

What condition occurs if the neural tube fails to close posteriorly?

A

Spina bifida

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35
Q

What are the three types of spina bifida?

A
  • Spina bifida occulta
  • Meningocele
  • Myelomengocele
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36
Q

Of the three types of spina bifida, which is the most serious and why?

A

Myelomeningocele
It can cause severe disability, including paralysis of lower limbs

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37
Q

Low levels of which micronutrient can be a risk factor for spina bifida to occur?

A

Folic acid

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38
Q

Taking folic acid has been shown to reduce the risk of spina bifida by how much?

A

Up to 70%

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39
Q

What is the definition of genotype?

A

The complete code contained within the chemical composition of DNA

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40
Q

What does heritability refer to?

A

The extent to which a variation of a particular characteristic in a population can be determined solely by genes

41
Q

With regards to heritability, what does a value of 1 mean?

A

That all of the variation in a population is determined by genes rather than environment

42
Q

What does the term ‘fetal alcohol spectrum disorders’ (FASD) refer to?

A

A set of health conditions that occur in offspring that is related to the maternal consumption of alcohol

43
Q

Which type of cells are most likely to be damaged by maternal alcohol consumption?

A

Brain and spinal cord cells - other cells take higher concentrations of alcohol to be damaged

44
Q

In Western countries, roughly how many pregnancies are thought to be affected by FSAD?

A

1 in 500

45
Q

Of all the possible substances of abuse, which can have the most wide-ranging consequences on the developing baby?

A

Alcohol

46
Q

What characteristic facial feature can be seen in children with FASD?

A

Flattened nose bridge
Lack of ridge on upper lip

47
Q

What can FASD sometimes be misdiagnosed as?

A

Autism spectrum disorder

48
Q

Why are children with FASD sometimes misdiagnosed as having ASD?

A

Because the symptoms can manifest in very similar ways

49
Q

What are the main symptoms FASD can cause?

A
  • Language deficicts
  • Attention problems
  • Social problems
  • Problems with sensory integration
  • Poor reasoning
50
Q

What conditions can often be co-morbid with FASD?

A
  • ADHD
  • Autism
51
Q

During embryo development, what three regions does the neural tube segment into?

A
  • Prosenchephalon
  • Mesencephalon
  • Rhombencephalon
52
Q

During embryo development, what does the prosencephalon go on to become?

A

The forebrain

53
Q

During embryo development, what does the mesencephalon go on to become?

A

The midbrain

54
Q

During embryo development, what does the rhombencephalon go on to become?

A

The hindbrain

55
Q

What are the five segments that form during secondary segmentation in embryo development?

A
  • Telencephalon
  • Diencephalon
  • Mesencephalon
  • Metencephalon
  • Myelencephalon
56
Q

What are neuromeres?

A

The segments in the developing nervous system

57
Q

What is the prosencephalon?

A

The segment of the developing neural tube that goes on to form the forebrain

58
Q

What is the mesencephalon?

A

The segment of the developing neural tube that goes on to form the midbrain

59
Q

What is the rhombencephalon?

A

The segment of the developing neural tube that goes on to form the hindbrain and spinal cord

60
Q

What is cell fate?

A

The final identity of type of a cell at the end of its cell lineage

61
Q

What does totipotent mean?

A

A cell that is capable of becoming any type of cell within an organism, INCLUDUING placental cells

62
Q

What is the trophoblast?

A

The layer of cells in a developing embryo that goes on to form the placenta

63
Q

What does pluripotent mean?

A

A cell that is capable of becoming any type of cell within an organism, EXCEPT placental cells

64
Q

What are the two tissue types that the blastocyst is formed of?

A
  • Trophoblast cells
  • Inner cell mass
65
Q

What are bipotential progenitor cells?

A

Cells that can become one of two types of cell

66
Q

What are progenitor cells?

A

Cells that become a specific type of cell

67
Q

What are the only conditions under which it is permitted for embryos to be created, stored and used in a lab?

A
  • Improving understanding of embryonic development processes
  • Improving detection / understanding of human disease
  • Developing treatments for human disease
  • Providing advancesin understanding miscarriage, contracption techniques, treating infertility
68
Q

What are radial glial cells?

A

Glial cells that provide a type of structural scaffold for migrating neurons to move along

69
Q

How are neurons of the human adult cortex arranged?

A

In layers

70
Q

How are the neurons of the cerebral cortex arranged?

A

In layers

71
Q

When do the layers of the cerebral cortex start to form?

A

Around 6 weeks after fertilisation

72
Q

What is the outer subventricular zone (oSVZ)?

A

A developmental region of the ventricular zone in the developing nervous system that is unique to primates

73
Q

What is the outer subventricular zone important in the development of?

A

Cortical development

74
Q

What is the inside-first outside-last principle of cortical development?

A

The way in which the cortex develops in its layered arrangement

75
Q

During cortical development, which layers develop first and which last?

A
  • First: innermost layers close to the ventricular zone
  • Last: outermost layers
76
Q

What are the two forms of cell migration in the human nervous system?

A
  • Radial migration
  • Tangential migration
77
Q

What are the two types of cells that bipotential progenitor cells may go on to form?

A
  • Neuron progenitor cells
  • Glial progenitor cells
78
Q

In which direction do neural progenitor cells move during radial migration?

A

Outwards from the ventricular zone surface

79
Q

During tangential migration, in which direction do neural progenitor cells move?

A

Outwards and sideways

80
Q

What is the pial surface?

A

The outer edge of the developing neural tube

81
Q

What is nucleokinesis?

A

The process that occurs when the nucleus of a migrating cell moves into the leading arm

82
Q

What is the name for the process in which neuronal migration occurs?

A

Leading process

83
Q

How does neuronal migration occur?

A

Neurons extend an arm which is able to sense chemical signals arising in the surrounding tissue

84
Q

What is the chemical known as semaphorin 3A used by neurons for?

A

To determine how far away from the pial surface they are

85
Q

What is chemotactic guidance?

A

The use of chemical cues as a guide during cell migration

86
Q

What are the two neuronal processes (projcetions from the cell body)?

A
  • Axons
  • Dendrites
87
Q

Of the two neuronal cell body projections (processes), which one receives information from synapses and passes it on to the cell body for processing?

A

Dendrites

88
Q

Of the two neuronal cell body projections (processes), which one passes on the integrated information from the cell body to different synapses?

A

Axons

89
Q

What is meant by the term neurite?

A

A collective term given to either an axon or a dendrite of a neuron

90
Q

Why are dendrites and axons collectively referred to as neurites sometimes?

A

Because it is difficult to tell during development whether an extended process arising from a developing neuron is a dendrite or a neuron

91
Q

What is a growth cone?

A

The end of a growing axon that causes the axon to elongate and reach other neurons to form synaptic connections

92
Q

What are filopodia?

A

Thin projections extending frmo the edge of migrating cells that sense the surrounding environment

93
Q

What term is used to describe the formation of new synaptic connections?

A

Synaptogenesis

94
Q

What component of a cell is responsible for making proteins?

A

The ribosome

95
Q

Where are instructions located for making proteins

A

In the DNA in the nucleus of the cell

96
Q

How does the ribosome get the instructions it needs to begin making the proteins that will be involved in neuronal communication?

A

Through mRNA, which transcribe the coded instructions from DNA and carry them to the ribosome

97
Q

What is a key molecule for signalling synaptogenesis?

A

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)

98
Q

What is brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)?

A

A key molecule for signalling synaptogenesis and neurogenesis

99
Q

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is thought to play a key role in which condition?

A

Depression

(old)SK298 (7 decks)

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