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psy290: behavioral neuroscience > Week 4: Sensory and Motor Function > Flashcards

Week 4: Sensory and Motor Function Flashcards

1
Q

Perception

A

interpretation at the higher order; one sensation can produce multiple perceptions

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2
Q

Sensation

A

Early processing of energy

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3
Q

Similarity of sensory pathways

A

All 5 senses begin with a specialized organ and receptor cells, involve the PNS, synapse with the brain, interact with the thalamus (all except smell), and have dedicated cortical areas (primary and secondary)

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4
Q

Role of the thalamus

A

To direct AND modify sensory stimuli

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5
Q

Sense organs

A

Eyes = vision
Ears = hearing
Nose = olfaction/smell
Tongue = gustation/taste
Skin = touch

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6
Q

Rate adaptation

A

When exposed to prolonged stimulus, sensory neurons will adapt their firing rate (either increase or decrease)

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7
Q

Sensory Nerves

A

Cranial nerves = related to the face
Spinal/peripheral nerves = relate to touch/the body
All nerves stop in the thalamus before moving to cortex (except smell)

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8
Q

Sensory nerve - Smell

A

Nerve I - olfactory

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9
Q

Sensory nerve - Vision

A

Nerve II - optic nerve

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10
Q

Sensory nerve - Hearing

A

Nerve VIII - vestibulocochlear nerve; does two jobs of balance and hearing

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11
Q

Sensory nerve - Taste

A

Nerves 7, 9, 10 - Facial nerve, glossopharyngeal nerve, vagus nerve

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12
Q

Sensory nerve - Touch

A

Many peripheral nerves used to detect touch

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13
Q

Cortex for Smell

A

Primary = pyriform
Secondary = orbitofrontal

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14
Q

Cortex for Taste

A

Primary = insula
Secondary = orbitofrontal

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15
Q

Cortex for Hearing

A

Temporal (primary and secondary)

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16
Q

Cortex for Touch

A

Parietal (primary and secondary)

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17
Q

Cortex for Vision

A

Occipital (primary and secondary)

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18
Q

Sensory Cortexes

A

Follows hierarchical processing (always processed in the primary cortex before the secondary); has segregated representation; plastic and adaptable to change

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19
Q

Segregated representation

A

Different cells for different stimuli are organized together (ex: groups of cells for high and low frequencies); disproportionate compared to the body due to adaptive utility

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20
Q

Adaptive utility

A

When the representation of a sense is adapted to be bigger or smaller than the bodily representation based on amount of use

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21
Q

Smell/Olfaction

A

Uses: detection of threats (poison, smoke, etc.) and social behavior
Pathway: bipolar receptors -> glomerulus -> olfactory nerve -> primary Cortex (pyriform) -> secondary cortex (orbitofrontal); chemical sense that does NOT pass through the thalamus

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22
Q

Shape/docking theory of smell

A

Key-and-lock model. Suggests that specific odorants body with specific shaped sensory neurons/receptors

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23
Q

Anosmia

A

Loss of smell (usually due to other nervous system problems)

24
Q

Taste/Gustation

A

Sweet, salty, sour, bitter, umami. Likely has an evolutionary basis in detecting nutrients we need
Pathway: taste cells -> bipolar neurons -> cranial nerves (7, 9, 10) -> Brainstem structures -> thalamus -> primary cortex (insula) -> secondary cortex

25
Q

Taste map theory of the tongue

A

Specific areas of the tongue are specialized for specific tastes. Easily disproven, you can taste any flavor on any part of the tongue

26
Q

Supertaster bud theory

A

Supertasters have more taste buds on their tongue. Currently in debate

27
Q

Gustatory mapping

A

Cells are specified for different tastes, but receptors are distributed across the tongue rather than segmented

28
Q

Intersectionality of taste

A

Experience and perception of taste can be affected by emotional state/mood, smell, vision, etc.

29
Q

Spice/spicy

A

Can be considered it’s own sense, or as a subset of pain (interacts with pain receptors). Linked to capsaicinoids which activate TRPV1

30
Q

Vision/Sight

A

Light waves (btw 700-400 nm) stimulate photoreceptors in the retina
Rods and cones in the retina process light. Cones are concentrated in the fovea. Cones have three sizes (long, medium, short). Colorblindness is caused by damage or malfunction in photoreceptors
Color perception is the most susceptible to change or differ from the real world
Pathway: photoreceptors -> Optic nerve -> Thalamus (lateral geniculate) -> Visual cortex

31
Q

Trichromatic color theory/Young-Helmholtz Theory

A

All perceivable colors are a combination of red, blue, and green in some proportion

32
Q

Opponent process theory

A

Colors are perceived/processed jointly and antagonistically; explains the existence of afterimages

33
Q

Translateral visual pathway

A

The right field of view tracks onto the left hemisphere, and vis versa

34
Q

Retinotopic mapping

A

Different parts of the field of view activate different areas in the cortex

35
Q

Color constancy

A

The environment surrounding a color can make the same wavelength appear different or make two different wavelengths appear the same (ex: the perceived brightness of a color can be affected by a dim or bright surrounding environment)

36
Q

Spectral Sensitivity Curve

A

Graph of the perceived brightness of the same wavelength color in two different lighting conditions

37
Q

Hearing

A

Response of stereocilia to vibrations of various amplitudes (volume) and frequencies (pitch)
Follows topographic mapping
Humans are most sensitive to the frequencies they can general and/or are useful for survival (1000-10000 Hz)

38
Q

Fundamental frequency

A

When given many pitches, you will perieve the largest frequency that divides into all other pitches; can cause illusory perceptions that were never in the sensation presented

39
Q

Touch

A

Receptor cells all over the body transmit to the brain through the spinal cord travel system. Somatosensory cortex is topographically mapped

40
Q

Spinal cord travel system

A

Highway for sensory info. Sensory goes up and into the brain, motor goes down and out to the body. Sensory tracts cross the midline which explains lateralization in the body/brain connection. Pain travels through a different system and has its own cortical areas

41
Q

Gate control theory of pain

A

Tactile stimulation may block the gate for pain stimulation. Touch neurons travel faster due to more myelination, and thus reduce the strength of pain perception as less sensation can reach the brain.

42
Q

Descending modulation of pain

A

Limits and manages amount of pain to aid survival but not debilitate us. Begins in the brain and moves down the spinal cord to affect signals travelling up. Involves the periaqueductal grey and the rostroventral medulla

43
Q

Sensory intersections

A

Areas where senses interact and potentially influence each other. Ex: McGurk effect or synesthesia

44
Q

Sensory mismatch

A

Adjustments don’t align with multiple competing inputs

45
Q

Sensory competition

A

Senses can overload and inhibit each other

46
Q

Motor system

A

Begins in the upper motor system and contains very large neuron tracts. Lower motor neurons communicate with muscles. Operates mostly from the frontal cortex

47
Q

Prefrontal cortex in movement

A

Planning action

48
Q

Premotor cortex in movement

A

Organizing action sequences

49
Q

Primary motor cortex in movement

A

Contains the homunculus; involved in voluntary movement

50
Q

Mirror neurons

A

Neurons that activate when performing OR watching others perform an action; allows us to immediately copy what we see. Only studied cellularly in animals

51
Q

Movement theory

A

Representation is akin to movements over body parts; supported by stroke studies where diff strokes will cause the same issues due to similar brain structure across people

52
Q

Lateral corticospinal pathway

A

external muscles (fingers, toes, etc)

53
Q

Anterior corticospinal

A

Core muscles around the trunk of the body

54
Q

Basal Ganglia

A

Group of structures that regulates movement. Focus being on the substantia nigra which gets its key input from dopamine

55
Q

Cerebellum in movement

A

Core role of correcting error of movement. Ex: when throwing darts you can correct your movement and get better thanks to the cerebellum

psy290: behavioral neuroscience (10 decks)

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