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PSY290: Behavioral Neuroscience > Week 2: Neuroanatomy and Neurophysiology > Flashcards

Week 2: Neuroanatomy and Neurophysiology Flashcards

1
Q

Interaction between central and peripheral nervous system

A

Determines movement and physiological changes based on mental state

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2
Q

Microglia

A

Small; function in the immune system; dispose of disease and respond to injury; regulate synapses and cell death

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3
Q

Astroglia/Astrocyte

A

Nutrition support to neurons; contract/relax blood vessels; regulate connections; can functions similar to a neuron
Regulates synapse content in tripartite synapses

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4
Q

Oligodendroglia

A

Specific to the CNS; involved in myelination to axons
Counterpart in the PNS is the Schwann Cell

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5
Q

Neuron structure

A

Dendrites receive, axon terminals send. Cell body integrates signals received from the dendrites. Excitable neurons can generate and receive electrochemical signal. Neurons vary in length and structure

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6
Q

Molecular properties of a neuron

A

Phospholipid bilayer membrane; negative charge and selective permeability. Positive potassium and negative A- inside, positive sodium and negative chloride outside (creates the resting potential difference) Channels in the membrane allow particles to cross only when opened.

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7
Q

Potassium (K+) movement

A

High concentration inside neuron, low outside. Strong chemical flow, low electrical. K+ will flow outward

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8
Q

Sodium (Na+) movement

A

High concentration outside neuron. Both chemical and electrical flow point inward. Strong urge to flow inward.

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9
Q

Leak Channels

A

Open channels that allow potassium to constantly flow out of the cell

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10
Q

Exchanger channel

A

Will exchange Na+ to replenish K+ being let out by the leak channel

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11
Q

Ion movement during neurotransmission

A

Extracellular chemicals open ligand-gated channels and allow sodium to flow in. Cell depolarizes (gets less negative). Most often excitatory neurotransmitter is glutamate

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12
Q

Excitatory post-synaptic potential (EPSP)

A

Depolarizing; potential occurs in the neuron receiving (post-synaptic)

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13
Q

Inhibitory post-synaptic potential (IPSP)

A

Hyperpolarization and less cell activity. Linked with GABA (Gamma-aminobutyric acid)

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14
Q

Critical point

A

The summation of constant EPSP and IPSP charges must reach the critical point (-55 mV) for an action potential to fire. Voltage-gated channels open at this critical threshold and allow sodium into the cell

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15
Q

Action Potential Propagation down the Axon

A

As sodium enters, potassium leaves. Once an area has conducted a signal, it cannot conduct again for a sec, driving forward movement of AP. Myelin allows for jumps in depolarization, facilitating transmission of AP.

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16
Q

Dangers of myelin loss

A

Lack of myelin can slow or stop neuron signals, causing lack of brain activity. Lack of myelin is that cause of multiple sclerosis

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17
Q

Refractory period

A

Neuron cannot fire until the ionic gradients reset. In order to fire, it would take much more excitation due to hyperpolarization after firing

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18
Q

Ionotropic receptor

A

When a receptor is also a channel. Can signal very quickly, but is a minority case

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19
Q

Metabatropic receptor

A

A receptor that is not a channel itself. Most typical kind of receptor. Must communicate with the channel, causing slower transmission

20
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

Over 100 exist, but not many are studied in depth. Each neurotransmitter has many different functions.

21
Q

Brain Cortex

A

Outer layer: grey matter, consists of cell bodies
Inner layer: white matter, consists of myelinated axons
Rows of cells usually point in the same direction. Gyrus = ridge, sulcus = valley

22
Q

Tract (CNS)/Nerve (PNS)

A

Bundle of axons headed in the same direction (not physically bound, but close in proximity)

23
Q

Meninges

A

Membrane covering the brain. 3 layers: dura, arachnoid, and pia. Cushions and protects the brain from infection

24
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid

A

fluid located under arachnoid layer that cushions and nourishes/cleans the brain; circulates through the ventricles

25
Q

Forebrain

A

Outermost layer of the brain. Contains the telencephalon and diancephelon

26
Q

Telencephalon

A

Cortex, basal ganglia, and limbic system. Cortex is folded to allow more neurons into a small space, and the folds are not random.

27
Q

Neo- and Allo- cortex

A

Neocortex: 6 layers; 90% of the cortex
Allocortex: 3-4 layers; 10% of the cortex; contains hippocampus and olfactory systems

28
Q

Frontal lobe

A

Decision making, movement, planning and organization of behavior

29
Q

Parietal lobe

A

Perception, sensory function, language, math

30
Q

Occipital lobe

A

Vision and visual guided action

31
Q

Temporal

A

Auditory, language, object recognition, religious/mythical experience

32
Q

Longitudinal fissure

A

Separates the left and right brain

33
Q

Central fissure

A

Separates the frontal and parietal lobe

34
Q

Lateral fissure

A

Separates the top and bottom parts of the brain

35
Q

Limbic system

A

Cingulate cortex, hippocampus, amygdala, mamillary body, septum

36
Q

Diencephalon

A

Thalamus and hypothalamus

37
Q

Thalamus

A

Modifies sensory signals and reroutes them to desired brain areas

38
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Drive center of the brain; four Fs. Can be subdivided even further by function

39
Q

Midbrain

A

Middle section of the brain. Mesencephalon, which contains the substantia nigra

40
Q

Substantia nigra

A

Motor coordination (related to Parkinson’s)

41
Q

Hindbrain

A

Lower back section of the brain. Contains the metencephalon and myelencephalon. Damage here can be lethal

42
Q

Metencephalon

A

Pons and cerebellum

43
Q

Myelencephalon

A

Medulla (main door of information to and from the brain)

44
Q

Aspects of a healthy brain

A

Being in balance will all it’s parts, and being plastic/adaptable to learning and injury

45
Q

Spinal Cord

A

Five sections: cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, coccygeal
Contains all motor/sensory tracts (sensory going in to the brain, motor going out)

46
Q

Peripheral Nervous System Division

A

Somatic: sensory ad motor function; cranial and spinal nerves
Autonomic: signals to organs, excitatory and inhibitory signals, changes here can affect emotions, automatic and involuntary

47
Q

Neuraxis system

A

3-dimensional system to refer to the brain
Medial/lateral: midline relative. Medial toward midline, lateral away
Rostral/caudal = front and back (anterior/posterior)
Dorsal/ventral = top and bottom

PSY290: Behavioral Neuroscience (10 decks)

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