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PSY4MIP > Week 4 - Reviewing the Literature > Flashcards

Week 4 - Reviewing the Literature Flashcards

1
Q

How do we define “true” in pragmatic and correspondence theories?

A

Pragmatic theories: truth as the results of enquiry, has withstood examination, useful in some way to believe

Correspondence theories: truth corresponds to the way things are (facts)

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2
Q

What does a literature review help you do?

A

Identify what is known about a topic

Demonstrate your skills in understanding and synthesising previous research

Identify the gaps in the research and evidence

Learn about study design and consider limitations of
previous research to inform your own study

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3
Q

Steps for a literature review:

A
  1. Clarify your topic and aim(s) - what is the research question?
  2. Search for the relevant literature
  3. Store and organise your sources
  4. Critically analyse and evaluate the literature
  5. Synthesize and organise the literature, build a story
  6. Make conclusions appropriate to your aims
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4
Q

What to consider in a literature review?

A
  • what is the focus? (outcomes, methods, implications)
  • what is the purpose?
  • What is your role in the review? (objective, subjective)
  • how inclusive and board in coverage are you aiming for? (exhaustive, selective, representative)
  • organisation (chronological, theoretical, methodological)
  • audience
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5
Q

What passes for legitimate evidence in psychology research?

A

Empirical Evidence

  • Do we have a method of ranking evidence, giving more weight to one type and less weight to other types?
  • Principles of evidence based practice address these questions
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6
Q

What is a Randomised Controlled Trial?

A
  • a trial in which subjects are randomly assigned to one of two groups: one (the experimental group) receiving the intervention that is being tested, and the other (the comparison group or control) receiving an alternative (conventional) treatment
  • the closest we can get to an experiment in an applied setting
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7
Q

How to do a RCT (randomised control trial)

A

concept is to

  • manipulate a single independent variable (treatment) to
  • cause change in the dependent variable (some index of health)
  • while holding everything else constant (randomisation)
  • NEED BOTH EFFICACY AND EFFECTIVENESS
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8
Q

Efficacy in RTCs

A
  • study design based on - done in highly script ideal experimental settings,
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9
Q

What is Effectiveness in RCT?

A
  • need to know not only clinical outcomes, but also cost-effective effectiveness
  • does it work for me with my clients in this context? real life settings, research in clinical practice/service delivery
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10
Q

What are some challenges of doing RCTs?

A
  • only one level of evidence
  • may not answer pragmatic clinical questions
  • generalisability can be an issue (what works for whom-subgroup analysis)
  • some social, political and ethical issues are difficult to assess using traditional scientific method (non-observable, beyond our current tools and methods)
  • does it help us understand other elements of psychology such as prediction, aetiology, developmental progression?
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11
Q

Difficulties of focussing on RCTs?

A
  • focus on RTCs may permit a legacy of positivism (strict adherence to observed evidence) to dominate scientific discourse
  • can block out the consideration of other scientifically sound, appropriate and feasible methodologies
  • called the ‘gold standard’ but RTCs are far from perfect, limitations often overlooked
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12
Q

What are some levels of evidence?

A
  • Correlational studies
  • Prospective or cross-sectional studies looking at risk factors; prevalence; incidence, etc
  • Time-series or longitudinal analyses
  • Process studies; single case designs
  • Qualitative analyses
  • Case studies; focus groups; narrative analysis
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13
Q

Building Evidence Based Medicine

A
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14
Q

Foundation of the Cochrane Collaboration

A
  • founded in 1993
  • named from British epidemiologist Archie Cochrane
  • Cochrane criticized the medical profession for not having organised any sort of summaries of relevant RCTs to guide clinical decision making
  • produces and publishes systematic reviews of healthcare interventions
  • promotes search for evidence in the form of a clinical trial
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15
Q

What is a Systematic reviews

A
  • Refers to a summary that uses a rigorous scientific approach to combine results from a body of original research studies into a clinically meaningful whole
  • Compared to traditional literature reviews, systematic reviews are based on strict scientific design
  • compares generalisability
  • helps understand lit in more detail
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16
Q

What can a systematic review do?

A
  • Reduce large quantities of info into manageable form
  • Establish generalisability across participants, settings,
    treatment variations and different study designs
  • Assess consistency across studies
  • Increase power in suggesting cause and effect relationships
  • Reduce bias from random and systematic error
  • Guide decisions about clinical care, policies and economics, future research design
  • Provide format for better continuous updates of new evidence
17
Q

What is PICO in systematic reviews?

A 
P = population
I = intervention
C = comparison
O = outcomes (primary and secondary)
18
Q

How does the PICO work in practice?

A 
P = families with infants born <34 weeks gestation
I = clinician assisted web-based early intervention
C= compared with standard of care
O = improve children's development and parental mental health?
19
Q

What is a literature review and its limitations?

A
  • Looking to identify what has been done before
  • Where are the gaps?

Limitations:

  • Not necessarily systematic
  • No requirement to detail methods for literature search
  • May omit literature or be biased
  • No critical analysis of the research
20
Q

What is a critical review and its limitations?

A
  • Critical evaluation of the quality of the literature
  • What is known, what is unknown, what is the quality of the evidence, comparison of theories or models
  • Results in a question or model (not an answer)

Limitations:

  • Not necessarily systematic
  • No requirement to detail methods for literature search
21
Q

What is a systematic review and its limitations?

A
  • Systematically search, evaluate and synthesise literature
  • Trying to draw together all available literature in a way that is systematic and replicable
  • Can help answer questions or generate complex theories that cannot be done through individual studies alone
  • Can identify areas for future research priorities, problems with current research approaches
  • Detailed methodology, often following reporting guidelines

Limitations:
- May not help answer process questions or more complex questions about why something is effective

22
Q

What is a scoping review and its limitations?

A
  • Often a first step, preliminary review of the scope of the literature
  • Nature and extent of current research
  • Often systematic and transparent in methods
  • May identify gaps for more targeted or specific research or reviews

Limitations:
- May be biased or miss literature

23
Q

what is a qualitative evidence synthesis and its limitations?

A
  • Synthesis of qualitative studies (looking at the “why”, perspectives of participants, clients, health professionals)
  • Looking for overarching themes based on individual studies
  • Not just adding themes, need to be a synthesis

Limitations:

  • Not necessarily systematic, searching may be based on theoretical perspective
  • Methods still in development
24
Q

What is a rapid review and its limitations?

A
  • Systematic review but limited in some elements
  • May limit review scope, aim, assessment of quality
  • Detailed description of methods important

Limitations:

  • May be biased or miss literature
  • May have less detailed critical appraisal of studies
25
Q

What is a meta-analysis?

A
  • Not in itself a review, but often combined with a systematic review
  • Statistically combining results from multiple studies to look at the effect
  • May help build evidence base in an area
26
Q

What is Prospero?

A
  • International prospective register of systematic reviews (also rapid reviews and umbrella reviews)
  • Aims to avoid duplication and reduce opportunity for reporting bias
  • Important to do before you start your review
  • Helpful to search to see if someone else is already doing something very similar- is your energy better focused on another topic?
  • Helps you clarify your search methods, keywords, methods in detail before you get started
27
Q

What Is a clinical trial?

A

‘any research study that prospectively assigns human participants or groups of humans to one or more health-related interventions to evaluate the effects on health outcomes’. (WHO)

28
Q

Analysing and Evaluating Research:

A

-

29
Q

What is the PRISMA statement?

A

Minimum set of items to report when doing systematic reviews and meta-analyses

must follow guidelines

30
Q

PRISMA Flowchart:

A
31
Q

What is the PRIMA Checklist

A
32
Q

What are the two main registers for clinical trials?

A
  • Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry:

- ClinicalTrials.gov (US based international registry):

33
Q

Risk of bias assessment?

A
  • Important part of a literature review and synthesis

ROB = risk of bias

- Bias may be present in:
– Selection
– Performance or confounding factors
- Detection of the outcome
– Attrition and reporting
34
Q

What is the NHMRC?

A

National Health and Medical Research Council

  • These guidelines suggest tools to assess bias, such as the ROBIS for systematic reviews, and Cochrane ROB tool for
    randomised trials
35
Q

How to consider Diversity in your literature review?

A
  • is there bias in the experimenters or participants?
  • Cultural background
  • Language used for publication
  • Participant diversity (gender, age, recruitment source)
36
Q

EXAMPLE: Tracking and organising literature

A
37
Q

What is synthesising?

A
  • key part of assessments and reviews
  • Important that a literature review includes synthesis of the literature
  • Not a summary of individual past studies
  • Include evidence or perspectives that are competing and
    inconsistent- how do you make sense of these differences?
  • A test of synthesis is to see if you can explain the overall message from the papers you want to synthesise. Can you explain it to a friend in your own words without needing to refer to specific study details?

PSY4MIP (6 decks)

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