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markers xxx > Week 4 Part 2 > Flashcards

Week 4 Part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What does in vivo imaging allow for

A

Observation of the behaviour of single cells in the diseased nervous system

Provides insight into how neurological diseases emerge and how they can be treated

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2
Q

What does functional microscopy techniques allow?

A

E.g. Intrinsic optical imaging and calcium imaging

Allow measurement of neuronal activity in vivo

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3
Q

What does structural imaging provide?

A

Anatomical information of the brain

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4
Q

What is structural MRI?

A
  1. Non-invasive technique for examining the anatomy and pathology of the brain
  2. Produced images which can be used for clinical radiological reporting as well as for detailed analysis
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5
Q

What are the structural techniques?

A
  1. Cerebral angiography
  2. Computerised tomography
  3. MRI
  4. Diffusion MR imaging that
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6
Q

What is functional imaging?

A

Provides information of physiological processes that underscore neural activity

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7
Q

What are the functional techniques?

A

Functional magnetic resonance imaging

PET

SPECT

EEG and MEG

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8
Q

What is structural/anatomical changes MRI in neuro-oncology?

A
  1. Location
  2. Symmetry
  3. Surrounding tissues
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9
Q

What can signal in MR images be?

A
  1. High or low depending on pulse sequence used and type of tissue in the image region of interest
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10
Q

Dark in T1-weighted images

A
  1. Increased water as in Eden’s, tumor, infarcartion, inflammation, infection and hemorrhage
  2. Low proton density
    3: flow void
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11
Q

Bright on T1-weighted image

A
  1. Fat
  2. Subacute hemorrhage
  3. Melanin
  4. Protein-rich fluid
  5. Slowly flowing blood
  6. Paramagnetic substance e.g. copper
  7. Calcification
  8. Laminar necrosis of cerebral infarction
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12
Q

Bright on T2-weighted image

A

Increased water

Methemoglobin in subacute hemorrhage

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13
Q

Dark on T2 weighted image

A

Low proton density

Protein rich fluid

Flow void

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14
Q

T1 weighted signal

A

Anatomical information based water content within tissue

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15
Q

T2 weighted signal

A

Reactive oedema in the adjacent white matter of brain

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16
Q

What does grey matter have?

A

10% more water than white matter and this creates a contrast

17
Q

What is diffusion weighted imaging?

A

Is a form of MR imaging based upon measuring the random Brownian motion of water molecules within a vowel of tissue

18
Q

Where is restricted diffusion seen?

A
  1. Abscesses
  2. Cysts
  3. Acute infarction
19
Q

What does tumour have?

A

Low restricted diffusion

20
Q

What does diffusion-weighted imaging has a major role in ?

A

Clinical situations

  1. early identification of ischaemic stroke
  2. Differentiation of acute from chronic stroke
  3. Differentiation of abscess from necrotic tumours
  4. Assessment of the extent of diffuse axonal injury
21
Q

What is the purpose of contrast-enhanced CT?

A
  1. Find pathology by enhancing the contrast between a lesion and the normal surrounding structure
22
Q

Why is contrast agent important?

A

It gives better resolution

23
Q

What is 18F-FDG PET/CT?

A

Powerful imaging tool for the detection of various cancer

Staging and restaging of some tumours

Role in detection of recurrence in asymptomatic patients

24
Q

What is the goal of imaging in a patient with acute stroke ?

A
  1. Exclude hemorrhage
  2. Differentiate between irreversibly and reversible impaired tissue
  3. Identify occlusion of major extra and intracranial arteries
25
Q

What is the advantage of CT?

A

Available 24 hours a day

Gold standard for haemorrhage

26
Q

What is the overall sensitivity and specificity of CT to diagnose stroke?

A

Sensitivity - 64%

Specificity - 85%

27
Q

What is the reason we see ischemia on CT?

A

Cytotoxic Edema develops as a result of failure of the ion-pumps

Due to inadequate supply of ATP

28
Q

Hypodensity on CT

A

Irreversible ischemic brain damage

29
Q

What will result in a CT attenuation decrease of 2.5 HU?

A

An increase of brain water content by 1%

30
Q

What is the most sensitive sequence for stroke imaging,

A

DWI

31
Q

What is Multiple Sclerosis (MS)?

A

CNS condition in which the myelin is damaged

32
Q

What are the symptoms of MS?

A
  1. Inflammation
  2. Demyelination
  3. Gliosis (inflammation)
  4. Axonal injury

markers xxx (11 decks)

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