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Week 4 - Neuro > Week 4 - Neuro Hormones / Neurotransmitters > Flashcards

Week 4 - Neuro Hormones / Neurotransmitters Flashcards

1
Q

posterior pituitary hormones

A

made in paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei -> axonal transport -> posterior pituitary -> stored in vesicles in magnocellular neurons -> secreted into systemic circulation via hypophyseal vein

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2
Q

posterior pituitary hormones

A

vasopressin and oxytocin

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3
Q

vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone - ADH)

A

posterior pituitary, increases water resorption in kidney in response to high blood osmolality and hypovolemia, increases vasoconstriction in response to low blood pressure

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4
Q

oxytocin

A

posterior pituitary, increases milk ejection in response to suckling, increases uterin contractions in response to uterine stimulation, positive feedback loops, acts on smooth muscle

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5
Q

anterior pituitary hormone families

A

somatomammotropins, glycoproteins, opiomelanocortin peptides

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6
Q

somatomammotropins

A

anterior pituitary, growth hormone, prolactin

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7
Q

glycoproteins

A

anterior pituitary, thyroid stimulating hormone, follicle stimulating hormone (gonadotropin), lutenizing hormone (gonadotropin)

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8
Q

opiomelanocortin peptides

A

anterior pituitary, adrenocorticotropic hormone

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9
Q

growth hormone

A

anterior pituitary, somatomammotropin, released in response to stress / exercise / sleep, effects growth/metabolism

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10
Q

prolactin

A

anterior pituitary, somatomammotropin, released in response to suckling/stress, effect on mammary tissue/lactation

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11
Q

thyroid stimulating hormone

A

anterior pituitary, glycoprotein, released in response to cold temps, increases thyroid stimulating hormone secretion, increasing metabolism / heat production

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12
Q

follicle stimulating hormone

A

anterior pituitary, glycoprotein, gonadotropin, regulated by hypothalamic peptide, causes spermatogenesis in men and ovarian follicle development in women

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13
Q

lutenizing hormone

A

anterior pituitary, glycoprotein, gonadotropin, regulated by hypothalamic peptide, needed for spermatogenesis and stimulates testosterone in men, triggers ovulation and progresterone in women

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14
Q

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

A

anterior pituitary, opiomelanocortin peptide from inner C terminal of pro-opiomelanocortin, released in response to stress, increases cortisol secretion from adrenal cortex

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15
Q

beta endorphin

A

anterior pituitary, opiomelanocortin peptide from far C terminal end of pro-opiomelanocortin, released in response to stress, endogenous opiod with analgesic effects

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16
Q

test overall anterior pituitary function

A

give insulin -> hypoglycemia (stress) -> blood levels of GH, ACTH, prolactin, and beta endorphin should increase

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17
Q

hypothalamic releasing hormones

A

controls secretion from anterior pituitary, made in parvocellular neurons -> axonal transport -> median eminence -> released into hypophyseal portal vein -> anterior pituitary -> stimulated to secrete into hypophyseal vein

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18
Q

hypothalamic releasing hormones

A

thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH), gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH), corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH), growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH), somatosin, dopamine

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19
Q

thyrotropin releasing hormone

A

hypothalamic releasing hormone, increases thyroid stimulating hormone secretion from anterior pituitary

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20
Q

gonadotropin releasing hormone

A

hypothalamic releasing hormone, increases lutenizing and follicle stimulating hormone secretion from anterior pituitary

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21
Q

corticotropin releasing hormone

A

hypothalamic releasing hormong, increases adrenocorticotropic hormone and beta endorphin secretion from anterior pituitary

22
Q

growth hormone releasing hormone

A

hypothalamic releasing hormone, increases growth hormone secretion from anterior pituitary

23
Q

somatostatin

A

hypothalamic releasing hormone, decreases growth hormone secretion from anterior pituitary - less of an effect on GH levels

24
Q

dopamine

A

hypothalamic releasing hormone, decreases prolactin secretion from anterior pituitary, prolactin only under inhibitory control

25
Q

hypophysial portal blood system

A

no direct arterial supply to anterior pituitary, hypothalamic releasing hormones -> primary plexus -> portal vein -> secondary plexus -> anterior pituitary -> systemic circulation

26
Q

pituitary stalk section

A

anterior pituitary affected most, may be transient, hypothalamic releasing hormones can’t reach anterior pituitary, increased prolactin, all others decreased - can cause diabetes insipidus

27
Q

short term preabsorptive satiety signals

A

oropharyngeal, gastric distention, gastric nutrition - preabsorptive satiety factors

28
Q

oropharyngeal satiety signals

A

receptors for texture (mechano) and taste (chemo), fastin = increased food intake, fed = decreased food intake

29
Q

short term postabsorptive satiety signals

A

liver factors, glucose and fatty acids in liver and hepatic portal vein decrease food intake

30
Q

gastric distention

A

short term satiety factor, mechano -> vagus -> solitary nucleus = decreased food intake

31
Q

nutrients in duodemun

A

releases cholecystokinin (CCK)

32
Q

cholecystokinin (CCK)

A

CCK receptors -> vagus -> solitary nucleus = decreased food intake

33
Q

other effects of cholecystokinin (CCK)

A
  1. gallbladder contraction, 2. increased pyloric constriction, 3. decreased gastric contraction - to hold food in stomach longer so it is more absorbable
34
Q

ghrelin

A

short term satiety factor, produced by stomach, secretion increased by fasting, orexigenic = increases appetite

35
Q

long term satiety signals

A

fat cells and hypothalamic nuclei - lateral hypothalamic area, paraventricular nucleus, arcuate nucleus

36
Q

leptin

A

released by adipocytes, decreases food intake, increased sensitivity of solitary nucleus to gastric distention - higher levels in obese people suggesting leptin receptor problem

37
Q

lateral hypothalamic area

A

lesion causes: 1. aphagia from damage to medial forebrain bundle (VTA to nucleus accumbens in mesolimbic reward pathway), 2. reduced motor function (damage to sunstantia nigra -> caudate/putamen connection). 3. aphagia due to loss of orexin

38
Q

orexin

A

anabolic neurotransmitter, activated lateral hypothalamic area -> release of orexin to brainstem -> increased food intake

39
Q

paraventricular nucleus

A

activation of paraventricular nucleus -> release of cortictropin releasing hormone to brainstem (catabolic neurotransmitter) -> decreased food intake

40
Q

arcuate nucleus

A

neurons release two things - neuropeptide Y and melanocortin, both neurotransmitters are released to the paraventricular nucleus and the lateral hypothalamic area

41
Q

leptin

A

inhibits neuropeptide Y neurons in arcuate nucleus decreasing food intake, ecxites melanocortin neurons in arcuate nucleus decreasing food intake

42
Q

ghrelin

A

excites neuropeptide Y neurons in arcuate nucleus increasing food intake

43
Q

gastric stretch, intestinal nutrients, cholecystokinen CCK hormone

A

to solitary nucleus via vagus and blood

44
Q

solitary nucleus stimulated by short term satiety signals

A

inhibits motor nucleus of V (mastication), inhibits nucleus ambiguus (laryngeal, pharyhgeal muscles - swallowing), inhibits motor hypoglossal nucleus (chewing)

45
Q

lateral hypothalamic area

A

releases orexin that increases food intake and inhibits solitary nucleus

46
Q

paraventricular nucleus

A

releases corticotropin releasing hormone that decreases food intake and stimlates the solitary nucleus to inhibit as well

47
Q

arcuate nucleus

A

releases neuropeptide Y and melanocortin

48
Q

neuropeptide Y

A

inhibits lateral hypothalamic area from releasing orexin and inhibits the inhibition of paraventricular nucleus so it can release corticotropin releasing hormone - all decrease food intake

49
Q

melanocotin

A

activates the lateral hypothalamic area so orexin is released and activates the inhibition of paraventricular nucleus so corticotropin releasing hormone is not released - all increase food intake

50
Q

leptin

A

activates melanocortin and inhibits neuropeptide Y - all decrease food intake

51
Q

drug targets for hyperphagia induced obesity

A

neuropeptide Y (that increases food intake), melanocortin (that decreases food intake), orexin (that increases food intake)

Week 4 - Neuro (5 decks)

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