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Psychological Interventions > WEEK 4: Modelling > Flashcards

WEEK 4: Modelling Flashcards

1
Q

Which source of SE is modelling apart of?

A

Vicarious Experience

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2
Q

What are the four processes of modelling?

A
  1. attention
  2. retention
  3. production
  4. motivation
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3
Q

How is modelling related to SE?

A

when individuals see others succeed or fail, it provides them with information which they can use as a basis for comparison in similar situations

it is a powerful source for individual competence

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4
Q

What are the six characteristics of modelling?

A
  1. similarity
  2. types
  3. frequency
  4. amount of participants
  5. augmenting information with modelling (visual)
  6. skill of the observer
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5
Q

Model-observer likeness is what characteristic of modelling

A

similarity

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6
Q

What are the two “types” of models?

A
  1. skilled

2. unskilled

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7
Q

Which “type” of model is better? skilled or unskilled?

A

Unskilled (learning) model can be just as effective as long the observer is provided with the proper feedback when watching the unskilled model

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8
Q

According to Sidaway and Hand who often should you watch a demo?

A

more frequent demonstrations are seen to be more effective

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9
Q

What is a Dyad?

A

it is when two people are working together - partners alternate physically practising and observing the task

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10
Q

what are the two types of characteristics augmenting information with modelling

A
  1. auditory

2. verbal

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11
Q

What were the results of Starkes (1987) experiment that examined structured vs. unstructured dance sequences with expert and novice dansers

A

experts and novices performed equally as well on unstructured dance sequences
experts out performed novices on structured sequences
this is due to domain specific knowledge

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12
Q

according to Schunk (1987) what is more important? choosing a similar model or a performer with greater mastery

A

chosing a model similar to the observer

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13
Q

what are the postive effects found in using peer models

A
  1. increased cognitive skill learning
  2. self-confidence
  3. motivation
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14
Q

what kind of model should be used for a highly skilled observer?

A

a skilled athlete with a high level of confidence should observe someone who demostates a nearly flawless performance - high level of ability and low difficulty with the task

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15
Q

what type of model should a less experienced model or a model experiencing fear or doubt observe?

A

they may benifit from a coping model who expresses cognitions, behaviours and emotions that are consistent with a task with a task percieved as difficult or fearful

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16
Q

why is it important to not only consider the physical characterisitics of a model but also the psycological charateristics

A

a less experienced or less confident athlete may benifit from a coping model who expresses cognitions, behaviours and emotions consistant with the task

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17
Q

what is a mastery model in sport

A

they demonstrate correct performance and postive cognitions

18
Q

what is a coping model in sport

A

they demonstate a flawed performance and negative cognitions, but improve towards correct performance and postive cognitions

19
Q

what is a mastery model more effective in improving?

A

skill

20
Q

what is a coping model more effective in improving?

A

SE

21
Q

The functions of observational learning questionaire asssessed why athletes used modeling, what are the three functions?

A
  1. skill
  2. strategy
  3. performance
22
Q

varsity athletes were found to used which of the three functions of modeling most freqrently?

A

all three (skill, strategy, performance)

23
Q

which function of modelling do individual athletes use most?

A

skill

24
Q

which funation of modelling do team sport athletes use most?

A

strategy

25
Q

what are the three types of modelling?

A
  1. self-modelling
  2. peer modelling
  3. feed forward modeling
26
Q

who do parents influence their children’s participation is sports, physical activity

A
  1. role modeling
  2. social influence
  3. social support process
27
Q

what were the results of Thomas, Pierce and Ridsdale (1977)’s study on the diffrences on children’s ability ti model motor beheviour

A

the purpose was to determine when a model should be introduced to facilitate learning and if that timing is age dependent
they determined that both the 7 and 9 year old performed best when they saw the model first, and poorly when they didn’t see the model
the 9 year old performed equally as well when seeing the model before and in the middle of practice where the 7 year old performed worse than if they hadn’t seen a model at all

28
Q

when is modeling most effecting? when learning a skill or enhancing it

A

learning

29
Q

with young athletes when should a model be preseneted?

A

before they start learning a new skill

30
Q

in terms of modelling, increased similarity leads to

A

increased influence on participant

31
Q

what are commonly used methods of modelling in exercise

A
  1. imagery
  2. videotapes of simular others
  3. avatars
32
Q

what is the single most important determinant of an exerciser’s continued participant in an exercise program

A

fitness leaders

33
Q

how do fitness leaders influence physical activity participation

A

they are:

  1. role models
  2. inspire confidence
  3. source of social support
  4. attire
34
Q

what are characteristics of of fitness leaders that install confidence

A
  1. appropriate and timely verbal cue

2. intensity options

35
Q

how can fitness leaders be sources of social support? (4)

A
  1. instrumental support- spotting
  2. companionship
  3. informal support (technique)
  4. emotional support (praise)- increase self esteem, decrease anxiety
36
Q

how does a fitness instructors attired effect a women’s thoughts and feelings about themselves and the exercise

A

it has been shown to negatively effect a women’s thoughts and feelings
decreased body satisfaction and body evaluations linked to negative perceptions of instructors body in physique salient conditions
exercising with a women wearing revealing attire makes women feel intimidated and less confident in their own bodies

37
Q

in terms of groups as models, increased cohesions leads to an

A

increase in participation

38
Q

how can you increase cohesion? (5)

A
  1. create feelings of distintiveness
  2. addign mebers roles and or positions
  3. establish group norms
  4. provide oppertuity to make sacrifices for the group
  5. provide oppertunity for intercation
39
Q

what were the results of pope (1998) study of action toys?

A
  • many figures exceed muscle mass of body builders

- changing cultural expectations may lead to negative modeling for exercisers

40
Q

there are good results in studies combing modelling and what else in injury rehab?

A

coping strategies

41
Q

the study done by maddison (2006) on modeling in injury rehab suggested that watching a coping modeling video may be an effective method to:

A
  1. reduce perception of expected pain
  2. increas rehab SE
  3. enhance early functional outcomes

Psychological Interventions (4 decks)

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