WEEK 4: Modelling Flashcards
Which source of SE is modelling apart of?
Vicarious Experience
What are the four processes of modelling?
- attention
- retention
- production
- motivation
How is modelling related to SE?
when individuals see others succeed or fail, it provides them with information which they can use as a basis for comparison in similar situations
it is a powerful source for individual competence
What are the six characteristics of modelling?
- similarity
- types
- frequency
- amount of participants
- augmenting information with modelling (visual)
- skill of the observer
Model-observer likeness is what characteristic of modelling
similarity
What are the two “types” of models?
- skilled
2. unskilled
Which “type” of model is better? skilled or unskilled?
Unskilled (learning) model can be just as effective as long the observer is provided with the proper feedback when watching the unskilled model
According to Sidaway and Hand who often should you watch a demo?
more frequent demonstrations are seen to be more effective
What is a Dyad?
it is when two people are working together - partners alternate physically practising and observing the task
what are the two types of characteristics augmenting information with modelling
- auditory
2. verbal
What were the results of Starkes (1987) experiment that examined structured vs. unstructured dance sequences with expert and novice dansers
experts and novices performed equally as well on unstructured dance sequences
experts out performed novices on structured sequences
this is due to domain specific knowledge
according to Schunk (1987) what is more important? choosing a similar model or a performer with greater mastery
chosing a model similar to the observer
what are the postive effects found in using peer models
- increased cognitive skill learning
- self-confidence
- motivation
what kind of model should be used for a highly skilled observer?
a skilled athlete with a high level of confidence should observe someone who demostates a nearly flawless performance - high level of ability and low difficulty with the task
what type of model should a less experienced model or a model experiencing fear or doubt observe?
they may benifit from a coping model who expresses cognitions, behaviours and emotions that are consistent with a task with a task percieved as difficult or fearful
why is it important to not only consider the physical characterisitics of a model but also the psycological charateristics
a less experienced or less confident athlete may benifit from a coping model who expresses cognitions, behaviours and emotions consistant with the task
what is a mastery model in sport
they demonstrate correct performance and postive cognitions
what is a coping model in sport
they demonstate a flawed performance and negative cognitions, but improve towards correct performance and postive cognitions
what is a mastery model more effective in improving?
skill
what is a coping model more effective in improving?
SE
The functions of observational learning questionaire asssessed why athletes used modeling, what are the three functions?
- skill
- strategy
- performance
varsity athletes were found to used which of the three functions of modeling most freqrently?
all three (skill, strategy, performance)
which function of modelling do individual athletes use most?
skill
which funation of modelling do team sport athletes use most?
strategy
what are the three types of modelling?
- self-modelling
- peer modelling
- feed forward modeling
who do parents influence their children’s participation is sports, physical activity
- role modeling
- social influence
- social support process
what were the results of Thomas, Pierce and Ridsdale (1977)’s study on the diffrences on children’s ability ti model motor beheviour
the purpose was to determine when a model should be introduced to facilitate learning and if that timing is age dependent
they determined that both the 7 and 9 year old performed best when they saw the model first, and poorly when they didn’t see the model
the 9 year old performed equally as well when seeing the model before and in the middle of practice where the 7 year old performed worse than if they hadn’t seen a model at all
when is modeling most effecting? when learning a skill or enhancing it
learning
with young athletes when should a model be preseneted?
before they start learning a new skill
in terms of modelling, increased similarity leads to
increased influence on participant
what are commonly used methods of modelling in exercise
- imagery
- videotapes of simular others
- avatars
what is the single most important determinant of an exerciser’s continued participant in an exercise program
fitness leaders
how do fitness leaders influence physical activity participation
they are:
- role models
- inspire confidence
- source of social support
- attire
what are characteristics of of fitness leaders that install confidence
- appropriate and timely verbal cue
2. intensity options
how can fitness leaders be sources of social support? (4)
- instrumental support- spotting
- companionship
- informal support (technique)
- emotional support (praise)- increase self esteem, decrease anxiety
how does a fitness instructors attired effect a women’s thoughts and feelings about themselves and the exercise
it has been shown to negatively effect a women’s thoughts and feelings
decreased body satisfaction and body evaluations linked to negative perceptions of instructors body in physique salient conditions
exercising with a women wearing revealing attire makes women feel intimidated and less confident in their own bodies
in terms of groups as models, increased cohesions leads to an
increase in participation
how can you increase cohesion? (5)
- create feelings of distintiveness
- addign mebers roles and or positions
- establish group norms
- provide oppertuity to make sacrifices for the group
- provide oppertunity for intercation
what were the results of pope (1998) study of action toys?
- many figures exceed muscle mass of body builders
- changing cultural expectations may lead to negative modeling for exercisers
there are good results in studies combing modelling and what else in injury rehab?
coping strategies
the study done by maddison (2006) on modeling in injury rehab suggested that watching a coping modeling video may be an effective method to:
- reduce perception of expected pain
- increas rehab SE
- enhance early functional outcomes
