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Injury Exam > week 4, massage & tapping > Flashcards

week 4, massage & tapping Flashcards

Lympahtic, massage and taping

1
Q

What does the aetiology of injury explore?

A

Examine the kinetic and kinematics of human movement such as movement peaks, loading rates and joint angles

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2
Q

Whats the connection between force and injury?

A

It is a biomechanical structures response to force, not necessarily the strength of the force

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3
Q

How does cushioning reduce injury risk?

A

Increases the time before the maximum force occurs, giving the feeling that less force is being executed (greater dissipation)

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4
Q

Why does biomechanics need to be looked at as a whole?

A

The bodies movement pattern changes to accommodate and coordinate limbs, by isolating it identifies the interaction between body parts

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5
Q

What is the reductionist approach?

A

Only examining isolated joints, only a partial movement understanding, lack if interaction between limbs

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6
Q

What is the definition of coordination?

A

Conversion to a controllable system, patterning the body and limb movements relative to the patterning of environmental objects and events

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7
Q

What is the coordination required for running?

A

Subtalar pronation and knee flexion allows for forces to be absorbed, in late stance then subtalar supination and knee extension

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8
Q

Why is the coordination of pronation and supernation important?

A

Allows for force absoption and reduces the stress through the knee

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9
Q

How can pronation and supernation cause injury during running?

A

When pronation/supernation and knee flexion/extension occur out of time can cause repeated stress on the soft tissues around the knee

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10
Q

What is the coordination involved in the tennis serve?

A

Effective knee flexion-extension during the serve are associated with lower loading of the shoulder and elbow

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11
Q

What does an arm bend allow for in a tennis serve?

A

Uses internal rotation, rear leg drive causes stretch in the shoulder, increasing the elastic potential

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12
Q

What is variability?

A

Measure of the dispersion of data, difference in kinematic responses when repeating the experiment

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13
Q

How many biomechanical degrees of freedom are there?

A

100

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14
Q

Why is motor system flexibility good?

A

Allows for exploration of different movement patterns, broader distribution of impact forces

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15
Q

What are the differences of heart rate variability?

A

During inhalation heart rate variability increases, decreases during expiration, reduced heart rate variability is marker of reduced vagal activity

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16
Q

How does movement variability influence injury?

A

Individuals with previous injury have reduced variability within their stride and no adaptability, increase risk of overuse injury

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17
Q

What is the effect of repetitive loading on injury?

A

Localized repeated loading on anatomical structures, causing orthopedic problems, impact forces are dissipated across a smaller area

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18
Q

What is lymph?

A

Clear fluid from interstitial fluid

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19
Q

What is the proportion of interstitial space?

A

1/6th

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20
Q

How is lymph cleared from the system?

A

Fluid is filtered out through the nodes, shifting infection out of the body, they become full, stiff/sore and swell

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21
Q

How does blood plasma interact with the lymphatic system?

A

Plasma can enter the system, it is squeezed out capillaries into the interstitial space

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22
Q

What are the functions of the lymphatic system?

A

Draining interstitial fluid, protein transport, fat transport, anti infection properties

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23
Q

What are the two parts of the lymphatic system?

A

Lymphatic vessels and lymphoid organs/tissues

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24
Q

Whats the function of lymphatic vessels?

A

Transport fluids escaped from the blood

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25
Q

Whats the function of lymphoid organs?

A

House phagocyctic cells and lymphocytes

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26
Q

What is inside the lymph?

A

B and T cells

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27
Q

How does fluid exit nodes?

A

Forced out through osmosis

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28
Q

Whats the function protein in relation to blood plasma and lymphatic?

A

Regulates the pressure

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29
Q

What is typical lymph flow rate?

A

100ml/hr

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30
Q

Is the lymphatic system one way or two way?

A

One way, valves prevent backflow

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31
Q

What is the transport pathway of the lymph?

A

Lymphatic capillaries through lymphatic vessels to the lymph node

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32
Q

Whats the process that drives interstitial protein changes?

A

Increase arterial blood protein, increase interstitial protein, increase osmotic pressure + volume, increased lymphatic flow and venous capillary flow, decrease in interstitial protein

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33
Q

How does increase in capillary pressure affect protein movement?

A

Interstitial fluid pressure increases pressure, in turn outflow to interstitial space increased and proteins increases - increased lymphatic permeability

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34
Q

What intrinsic factors aid interstitial protein movement?

A

Valves prevent backflow, muscular contraction, increased elevation, arterial pulsation increased, compression (manual or massage)

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35
Q

What is the lymphatic pump?

A

Lympahtic vessel sections between valves contract when stretched and expel fluid forward to the next inter-value section of vessels

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36
Q

Whats the pressure in the large ducts when full?

A

25-50 mmHg

37
Q

What are the primary lymphatic organs?

A

Bone marrow and thymus gland

38
Q

What is the function of bone marrow?

A

Forms t and b lymphocytes

39
Q

What is the function of the thymus glands?

A

Developing immune system (children) - t lymph, t lymph maturation

40
Q

What are the secondary lymphatic organs?

A

Tonsils, spleen and respiratory tract

41
Q

What role do the tonsils have in the lymphatic system?

A

Large lymph nodes to aid protection from inhaled/ingested harmful particles

42
Q

What is the function in the spleen in the lymphatic system?

A

Blood storage in case of blood loss, b lymphocytes formation

43
Q

Whats the respiratory tract in the lymphatic system?

A

Gastrointestinal tract - lymphatic tissue and urinary tract - for defence

44
Q

What are the general effects of massage?

A

Increased circulation, venous return, lymphatic drainage, fibrinogen (blood clotting reduced), tissue permeability, control of swelling (reduced oedema), promotes recovery

45
Q

How does massage help dissipate swelling?

A

Micro circulation at subcutaneous level dissipates

46
Q

What are some of the benefits of massage to recovery?

A

Reduced muscle spasm, acceralte inflammatory resolution, breakdown of scar tissue

47
Q

What is POMS?

A

Perceptual of Mood State

48
Q

Whats the psychological benefit of massage?

A

Increase mood and endorphin secretion

49
Q

What are the 4 possible mechanisms of massage?

A

Biomechanical, physiological, neurological and psychological

50
Q

What are the biomechanical effects of message?

A

Decreased tissue adhesion, active and passive stiffness, increased muscle compliance, range of joint motion

51
Q

What are the physiological effects of message?

A

Increased blood flow, skin circulation, parasympathetic activity and relaxation hormones and decrease in stress hormones

52
Q

What are the neurological effects of message?

A

Decrease neuromuscular excitability, pain and muscle tension/spasm

53
Q

What are the psychological effects of message?

A

Increased relaxation and decreased anxiety

54
Q

What are the 4 techniques of massage?

A

Effleurage, petrissage, frition and tapotement

55
Q

Whats the definition of effleurage?

A

Gliding/sliding movement over the skin with a continuous motion

56
Q

What is the defintion of Petrissage?

A

Lifting, wringing and squeezing fo soft tissues in kneading motion or pressure or rolling of the tissues under or between the hands

57
Q

What is the definition of friction massage?

A

An accurately delivered penetrating pressure applied through the fingertips

58
Q

What is the definition of tapotement massage?

A

Various parts of the hand striking the tissues at a fairly rapid rate

59
Q

What order are massage techniques used?

A

Effleurage, petrissage, (friction), tapotement and effleurage

60
Q

Whats the advantage of effleurage?

A

Stimulates the parasympathetic nervous system and evoke relaxation response enhancing venous return

61
Q

Whats the advantage of petrissage?

A

Mobilizations of deep muscle tissue, skin and subcutaneous tissue, increase local circulation and assists venous return

62
Q

Whats the advantage of friction massage?

A

Treat muscle spasm and break up adhesion from old injuries

63
Q

Whats the advantage of tapotement?

A

Stimulates tissue by mechanical force or reflex action

64
Q

What part of the hand does effleurage use?

A

Palm to stimulate deep tissues, fingertips for sensory nerves

65
Q

What direction should massage strokes be performed?

A

Distal to proximal (towards heart), tendon to muscle belly

66
Q

Why are firm massage strokes important?

A

Increase blood and lymph flow to increase drainage and reduce swelling

67
Q

Why are rapid strokes important in massage?

A

Increase muscle tone pre-competition

68
Q

What part of the hand is used in petrissage?

A

Fingers or palms, lifting and rolling skin between the thumb and fingers or palm and fingers

69
Q

Why is kneading used during petrissage?

A

Circular movement of soft tissue against bone increases pressure as move proximally, vasodilation increases

70
Q

How long should friction massage occur?

A

5-15 minutes

71
Q

Why is friction massage used?

A

Promotes mild tissue destruction, promotes hyperaemia, inflammation and pain relief

72
Q

Why does increase damage to muscle aid recovery?

A

Encourages blood flow to the area, helps with the breakdown of scar tissue and muscle tissue

73
Q

What are the 4 techniques of tapotement?

A

Clapping, hacking, beating and pounding

74
Q

How can vibration be used as part of massage?

A

Trembling fingers close contact to the chest can detach mucus from the bronchi

75
Q

What is the effect of vibration massage?

A

Increased thoracic mobility, ventilation, decongestion (mucus and coughing)

76
Q

What are some contradictions to massage?

A

Acute trauma (fractures ect.), inflammation (artitritis, bursitis and periostitis), artificial blood vessels, thrombosis (blood clots), internal bleeding, tumors, infections (bacterial, viral, fungal)

77
Q

What is the benefit of pain relief through friction?

A

Closes the pain gate and stimulated endogenous opiods, reduces DOMS

78
Q

What is the theoretical massage mechanism?

A

Decreased mechanical overload of sarcolemas, decreases sarcoplasmic recticulum ruptures, decreased intracellular calcium and decreased ultrastructural damage

79
Q

What are the key techniques in ankle taping?

A

Anchors, stirrups and horseshoes

80
Q

How is a taping finished off?

A

With a figure of 8

81
Q

Where should tape start and end?

A

On the anchor points

82
Q

What are the different types of tape available?

A

Underwrap, hypafix, kinesio tape, cohesive bamdage, zinc oxide, EAS and electrical tape

83
Q

Whats the function of underwrap?

A

Used underneath to prevent the pulling of hair and skin at the site of injury, can slip and void technique

84
Q

Whats the function of K tape?

A

Lifts the skin and improves lymphatic drainage, stretchy so doe not stop movement

85
Q

What is the function of EAB and cohesive bandages?

A

Similar tapes, stretchy and provide varied support, stays in place and can be reapplied, tears easily but can have bonding problems

86
Q

What is the purpose of zinc oxide tape?

A

Strong adhesive, all purpose, supports ligaments and joint capsules, very strong but can restrict movement

87
Q

What checks should be completed post taping?

A

Circulation, neural compression, skin sensitivity, range of motion, comfort and efficiency for psychology

88
Q

What technique should be used when taping a thumb?

A

Anchor, side loop, front loop and re-anchor

89
Q

Why is taping completed?

A

Mechanical support to limit excessive ROM, aid proprioceptive feedback, assist pain management, offload soft tissue, assist healing (compression)

Injury Exam (4 decks)

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