week 4, massage & tapping Flashcards
Lympahtic, massage and taping
What does the aetiology of injury explore?
Examine the kinetic and kinematics of human movement such as movement peaks, loading rates and joint angles
Whats the connection between force and injury?
It is a biomechanical structures response to force, not necessarily the strength of the force
How does cushioning reduce injury risk?
Increases the time before the maximum force occurs, giving the feeling that less force is being executed (greater dissipation)
Why does biomechanics need to be looked at as a whole?
The bodies movement pattern changes to accommodate and coordinate limbs, by isolating it identifies the interaction between body parts
What is the reductionist approach?
Only examining isolated joints, only a partial movement understanding, lack if interaction between limbs
What is the definition of coordination?
Conversion to a controllable system, patterning the body and limb movements relative to the patterning of environmental objects and events
What is the coordination required for running?
Subtalar pronation and knee flexion allows for forces to be absorbed, in late stance then subtalar supination and knee extension
Why is the coordination of pronation and supernation important?
Allows for force absoption and reduces the stress through the knee
How can pronation and supernation cause injury during running?
When pronation/supernation and knee flexion/extension occur out of time can cause repeated stress on the soft tissues around the knee
What is the coordination involved in the tennis serve?
Effective knee flexion-extension during the serve are associated with lower loading of the shoulder and elbow
What does an arm bend allow for in a tennis serve?
Uses internal rotation, rear leg drive causes stretch in the shoulder, increasing the elastic potential
What is variability?
Measure of the dispersion of data, difference in kinematic responses when repeating the experiment
How many biomechanical degrees of freedom are there?
100
Why is motor system flexibility good?
Allows for exploration of different movement patterns, broader distribution of impact forces
What are the differences of heart rate variability?
During inhalation heart rate variability increases, decreases during expiration, reduced heart rate variability is marker of reduced vagal activity
How does movement variability influence injury?
Individuals with previous injury have reduced variability within their stride and no adaptability, increase risk of overuse injury
What is the effect of repetitive loading on injury?
Localized repeated loading on anatomical structures, causing orthopedic problems, impact forces are dissipated across a smaller area
What is lymph?
Clear fluid from interstitial fluid
What is the proportion of interstitial space?
1/6th
How is lymph cleared from the system?
Fluid is filtered out through the nodes, shifting infection out of the body, they become full, stiff/sore and swell
How does blood plasma interact with the lymphatic system?
Plasma can enter the system, it is squeezed out capillaries into the interstitial space
What are the functions of the lymphatic system?
Draining interstitial fluid, protein transport, fat transport, anti infection properties
What are the two parts of the lymphatic system?
Lymphatic vessels and lymphoid organs/tissues
Whats the function of lymphatic vessels?
Transport fluids escaped from the blood
Whats the function of lymphoid organs?
House phagocyctic cells and lymphocytes
What is inside the lymph?
B and T cells
How does fluid exit nodes?
Forced out through osmosis
Whats the function protein in relation to blood plasma and lymphatic?
Regulates the pressure
What is typical lymph flow rate?
100ml/hr
Is the lymphatic system one way or two way?
One way, valves prevent backflow
What is the transport pathway of the lymph?
Lymphatic capillaries through lymphatic vessels to the lymph node
Whats the process that drives interstitial protein changes?
Increase arterial blood protein, increase interstitial protein, increase osmotic pressure + volume, increased lymphatic flow and venous capillary flow, decrease in interstitial protein
How does increase in capillary pressure affect protein movement?
Interstitial fluid pressure increases pressure, in turn outflow to interstitial space increased and proteins increases - increased lymphatic permeability
What intrinsic factors aid interstitial protein movement?
Valves prevent backflow, muscular contraction, increased elevation, arterial pulsation increased, compression (manual or massage)
What is the lymphatic pump?
Lympahtic vessel sections between valves contract when stretched and expel fluid forward to the next inter-value section of vessels
Whats the pressure in the large ducts when full?
25-50 mmHg
What are the primary lymphatic organs?
Bone marrow and thymus gland
What is the function of bone marrow?
Forms t and b lymphocytes
What is the function of the thymus glands?
Developing immune system (children) - t lymph, t lymph maturation
What are the secondary lymphatic organs?
Tonsils, spleen and respiratory tract
What role do the tonsils have in the lymphatic system?
Large lymph nodes to aid protection from inhaled/ingested harmful particles
What is the function in the spleen in the lymphatic system?
Blood storage in case of blood loss, b lymphocytes formation
Whats the respiratory tract in the lymphatic system?
Gastrointestinal tract - lymphatic tissue and urinary tract - for defence
What are the general effects of massage?
Increased circulation, venous return, lymphatic drainage, fibrinogen (blood clotting reduced), tissue permeability, control of swelling (reduced oedema), promotes recovery
How does massage help dissipate swelling?
Micro circulation at subcutaneous level dissipates
What are some of the benefits of massage to recovery?
Reduced muscle spasm, acceralte inflammatory resolution, breakdown of scar tissue
What is POMS?
Perceptual of Mood State
Whats the psychological benefit of massage?
Increase mood and endorphin secretion
What are the 4 possible mechanisms of massage?
Biomechanical, physiological, neurological and psychological
What are the biomechanical effects of message?
Decreased tissue adhesion, active and passive stiffness, increased muscle compliance, range of joint motion
What are the physiological effects of message?
Increased blood flow, skin circulation, parasympathetic activity and relaxation hormones and decrease in stress hormones
What are the neurological effects of message?
Decrease neuromuscular excitability, pain and muscle tension/spasm
What are the psychological effects of message?
Increased relaxation and decreased anxiety
What are the 4 techniques of massage?
Effleurage, petrissage, frition and tapotement
Whats the definition of effleurage?
Gliding/sliding movement over the skin with a continuous motion
What is the defintion of Petrissage?
Lifting, wringing and squeezing fo soft tissues in kneading motion or pressure or rolling of the tissues under or between the hands
What is the definition of friction massage?
An accurately delivered penetrating pressure applied through the fingertips
What is the definition of tapotement massage?
Various parts of the hand striking the tissues at a fairly rapid rate
What order are massage techniques used?
Effleurage, petrissage, (friction), tapotement and effleurage
Whats the advantage of effleurage?
Stimulates the parasympathetic nervous system and evoke relaxation response enhancing venous return
Whats the advantage of petrissage?
Mobilizations of deep muscle tissue, skin and subcutaneous tissue, increase local circulation and assists venous return
Whats the advantage of friction massage?
Treat muscle spasm and break up adhesion from old injuries
Whats the advantage of tapotement?
Stimulates tissue by mechanical force or reflex action
What part of the hand does effleurage use?
Palm to stimulate deep tissues, fingertips for sensory nerves
What direction should massage strokes be performed?
Distal to proximal (towards heart), tendon to muscle belly
Why are firm massage strokes important?
Increase blood and lymph flow to increase drainage and reduce swelling
Why are rapid strokes important in massage?
Increase muscle tone pre-competition
What part of the hand is used in petrissage?
Fingers or palms, lifting and rolling skin between the thumb and fingers or palm and fingers
Why is kneading used during petrissage?
Circular movement of soft tissue against bone increases pressure as move proximally, vasodilation increases
How long should friction massage occur?
5-15 minutes
Why is friction massage used?
Promotes mild tissue destruction, promotes hyperaemia, inflammation and pain relief
Why does increase damage to muscle aid recovery?
Encourages blood flow to the area, helps with the breakdown of scar tissue and muscle tissue
What are the 4 techniques of tapotement?
Clapping, hacking, beating and pounding
How can vibration be used as part of massage?
Trembling fingers close contact to the chest can detach mucus from the bronchi
What is the effect of vibration massage?
Increased thoracic mobility, ventilation, decongestion (mucus and coughing)
What are some contradictions to massage?
Acute trauma (fractures ect.), inflammation (artitritis, bursitis and periostitis), artificial blood vessels, thrombosis (blood clots), internal bleeding, tumors, infections (bacterial, viral, fungal)
What is the benefit of pain relief through friction?
Closes the pain gate and stimulated endogenous opiods, reduces DOMS
What is the theoretical massage mechanism?
Decreased mechanical overload of sarcolemas, decreases sarcoplasmic recticulum ruptures, decreased intracellular calcium and decreased ultrastructural damage
What are the key techniques in ankle taping?
Anchors, stirrups and horseshoes
How is a taping finished off?
With a figure of 8
Where should tape start and end?
On the anchor points
What are the different types of tape available?
Underwrap, hypafix, kinesio tape, cohesive bamdage, zinc oxide, EAS and electrical tape
Whats the function of underwrap?
Used underneath to prevent the pulling of hair and skin at the site of injury, can slip and void technique
Whats the function of K tape?
Lifts the skin and improves lymphatic drainage, stretchy so doe not stop movement
What is the function of EAB and cohesive bandages?
Similar tapes, stretchy and provide varied support, stays in place and can be reapplied, tears easily but can have bonding problems
What is the purpose of zinc oxide tape?
Strong adhesive, all purpose, supports ligaments and joint capsules, very strong but can restrict movement
What checks should be completed post taping?
Circulation, neural compression, skin sensitivity, range of motion, comfort and efficiency for psychology
What technique should be used when taping a thumb?
Anchor, side loop, front loop and re-anchor
Why is taping completed?
Mechanical support to limit excessive ROM, aid proprioceptive feedback, assist pain management, offload soft tissue, assist healing (compression)
