Week 4 Intellectual Revolution Flashcards
It has been established that most, if not all, of the
_______ and inventions in _______ and
_______ during each time period were due to
human _______ and wants
It has been established that most, if not all, of the
discoveries and inventions in science and
technology during each time period were due to
human needs and wants
Much of these_______ in _______ happened in a period now
known as the Intellectual Revolution.
Much of these advancements in science and technology happened in a period now
known as the Intellectual Revolution.
_______ _______ is used to refer to the great
intellectual achievements of science from sixteenth to
seventeenth century marking a radical change in the
assumptions attitudes and methods in scientific
inquiry
Scientific Revolution is used to refer to the great
intellectual achievements of science from sixteenth to
seventeenth century marking a radical change in the
assumptions attitudes and methods in scientific
inquiry
_______ _______ was the golden age for people
committed to scholarly life in science but it was also a
deeply trying moments to some scientific individuals
that led to their painful death or condemnation from
the _______ institutions who tried to preserve their
faith, religion and theological views.
Scientific revolution was the golden age for people
committed to scholarly life in science but it was also a
deeply trying moments to some scientific individuals
that led to their painful death or condemnation from
the religious institutions who tried to preserve their
faith, religion and theological views.
The _______ _______ develops as an offshoot of
the _______. The same questioning spirit that
fueled the _______ led scientists to question
traditional beliefs and the Church about the workings
of the universe. It was a new way of thinking about
the natural world.
The Scientific Revolution develops as an offshoot of
the Renaissance. The same questioning spirit that
fueled the Renaissance led scientists to question
traditional beliefs and the Church about the workings
of the universe. It was a new way of thinking about
the natural world.
A _______ model of the universe, in which the
Earth is at the center was supported during the
Middle Ages.
A geocentric model of the universe, in which the
Earth is at the center was supported during the
Middle Ages.
_______ taught that the Earth was the center of
the universe.
Ptolemy taught that the Earth was the center of
the universe.
Until the mid 1500’s, European scholars accepted
and believed the teachings of _______, an ancient
Greek astronomer.
Until the mid 1500’s, European scholars accepted
and believed the teachings of Ptolemy, an ancient
Greek astronomer.
_______ _______- refers to complex technological innovations from _______ to 1895 characterized by
the substitutions of machines for human skill and machine power for that of human and animal
bringing a shift from handicraft to manufacture and marking the birth of modern economy
Industrial revolution- refers to complex technological innovations from 1750 to 1895 characterized by
the substitutions of machines for human skill and machine power for that of human and animal
bringing a shift from handicraft to manufacture and marking the birth of modern economy
The remarkable achievements of specific
individuals such as _______ Copernicus, Francis
_______, Rene _______, Andreas _______,
Johannes _______, Galileo _______, Robert _______
and _______ Newton
The remarkable achievements of specific
individuals such as Nicolas Copernicus, Francis
Bacon, Rene Descartes, Andreas Vesalius,
Johannes Kepler, Galileo Galilei, Robert Hooke
and Isaac Newto
The philosophy of new science, a new way of
doing science using what is known as the
_______ _______ advocated by Francis Bacon
and Rene Descartes among others.
The philosophy of new science, a new way of
doing science using what is known as the
scientific method advocated by Francis Bacon
and Rene Descartes among others.
The desire to break away from the ideas of the
_______ middle ages and the _______ view.
The desire to break away from the ideas of the
feudal middle ages and the Aristotelian view.
The _______ hopeful period of concerned
with the present life as well as the empirical and
mundane interest in the _______ world and
humanity.
The Renaissance hopeful period of concerned
with the present life as well as the empirical and
mundane interest in the natural world and
humanity.
Important inventions such as _______ _______,
lenses, telescope, _______ etc.
Important inventions such as mechanical clock,
lenses, telescope, microscope etc.
The combinations and cooperation’s of the _______
of the craftsmen and the intellectual,
computational and logical method of the
scholars
The combinations and cooperation’s of the skills
of the craftsmen and the intellectual,
computational and logical method of the
scholars
_______ _______ spread new ideas
Printing press spread new ideas
_______ of _______ fueled a great
deal of scientific research because
of technology needed for navigation
Age of Exploration fueled a great
deal of scientific research because
of technology needed for navigation
Translation of the works of Muslim
scholars opened the minds of
_______ thinkers to new scientific
knowledge
Translation of the works of Muslim
scholars opened the minds of
European thinkers to new scientific
knowledge
In 1543 _______ published De
revolutionibus orbium coelestium (On the
Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres)
In 1543 Copernicus published De
revolutionibus orbium coelestium (On the
Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres)
Copernicus was a Polish _______ and
_______ who studied in Italy.
Copernicus was a Polish mathematician and
astronomer who studied in Italy.
• In his book, Copernicus made two
conclusions:
• The universe is _______, or _______ centered.
• The Earth is merely one of several planets
revolving around the _______.
• In his book, Copernicus made two
conclusions:
• The universe is heliocentric, or sun centered.
• The Earth is merely one of several planets
revolving around the sun.
The _______ conception of the universe
marked the start of modern science and
astronomy
The Copernican conception of the universe
marked the start of modern science and
astronomy
• Most scholars _______ Copernicus’s theory.
• Most scholars _______ his theory because it
went _______ Ptolemy, the Church, and
because it called for the _______ to rotate on its
axis.
• Most scholars rejected Copernicus’s theory.
• Most scholars rejected his theory because it
went against Ptolemy, the Church, and
because it called for the Earth to rotate on its
axis.
In the late 1500s, the Danish astronomer \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Brahe provided evidence that supported Copernicus’ heliocentric theory. • Brahe set up an astronomical observatory. • Every night for years he carefully observed the sky, accumulating data about the movement of the stars and planets.
n the late 1500s, the Danish astronomer Tycho Brahe provided evidence that supported Copernicus’ heliocentric theory. • Brahe set up an astronomical observatory. • Every night for years he carefully observed the sky, accumulating data about the movement of the stars and planets.
the German astronomer and
mathematician _______ Kepler, used Brahe’s data to
calculate the orbits of the planets revolving around the _______.
the German astronomer and
mathematician Johannes Kepler, used Brahe’s data to
calculate the orbits of the planets revolving around the sun.
Kepler’s finding help explain the paths followed by man-made
_______ today
Kepler’s finding help explain the paths followed by man-made
satellites today
Galileo _______ was an Italian astronomer
who built upon the scientific foundations
laid by _______ and _______.
Galileo Galilei was an Italian astronomer
who built upon the scientific foundations
laid by Copernicus and Kepler.
The _______ punished him for his belief in
this idea. He was questioned by the
_______ and forced to confess that his
ideas were wrong
The Church punished him for his belief in
this idea. He was questioned by the
Inquisition and forced to confess that his
ideas were wrong
When threatened with death before the
Inquisition in 1633, Galileo _______ his
beliefs, even though he knew the Earth
moved
When threatened with death before the
Inquisition in 1633, Galileo recanted his
beliefs, even though he knew the Earth
moved
Sir _______ _______ was an English scholar who
built upon the work of Copernicus and Galileo.
Sir Isaac Newton was an English scholar who
built upon the work of Copernicus and Galileo.
Newton was the most influential scientist of the
_______ _______
Newton was the most influential scientist of the
Scientific Revolution
He discovered laws of _______ and _______, and formulated the laws of motion:
• A body at _______ stays at _______
• _______ is caused by force
• For every _______ there is an equal opposite _______
He discovered laws of light and color, and formulated the laws of motion:
• A body at rest stays at rest
• Acceleration is caused by force
• For every action there is an equal opposite reaction
• the slow and gradual process by which living organisms have changed from the simplest
_______ form to the most complex _______-_______ forms that are existing today.
organic evolution
• the slow and gradual process by which living organisms have changed from the simplest
unicellular form to the most complex multi-cellular forms that are existing today.
Darwin developed the biological theory of
_______ that explains how modern
organisms _______ over long periods of time
through descent from common ancestors
Darwin developed the biological theory of
evolution that explains how modern
organisms evolved over long periods of time
through descent from common ancestors
_______ observed that the characteristics of many
animals and plants varied noticeably among the
different Galapagos Islands. Among the tortoises,
the shape of the shell corresponds to different
habitats.
Darwin observed that the characteristics of many
animals and plants varied noticeably among the
different Galapagos Islands. Among the tortoises,
the shape of the shell corresponds to different
habitats.
In artificial selection, _______ provides the variations,
and _______ select the ones they find useful
In artificial selection, nature provides the variations,
and humans select the ones they find useful
He realized that that natural _______provided the
raw material for _______
He realized that that natural variation provided the
raw material for evolution
In order to not get “scooped”, Darwin decided to
present his work at a scientific meeting in _______
along with some of _______’s essay
The next year, Darwin published his complete
work on _______: _______ the Origin of _______
In order to not get “scooped”, Darwin decided to
present his work at a scientific meeting in 1858
along with some of Wallace’s essay
The next year, Darwin published his complete
work on evolution: On the Origin of Species
From \_\_\_\_\_\_\_’ theory of supply and demand, Darwin reasoned that if more individuals are produced than can survive, they will have to \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ for food, living space and other necessities of life • Darwin described this as the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ for \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
From Malthus’ theory of supply and demand, Darwin reasoned that if more individuals are produced than can survive, they will have to compete for food, living space and other necessities of life • Darwin described this as the struggle for existence
Any heritable _______ that _______
an organisms ability to survive and
reproduce in its environment is called an
_______
Any heritable characteristic that increases
an organisms ability to survive and
reproduce in its environment is called an
adaptation
Ability to survive and reproduce in a specific
_______ is called _______
Ability to survive and reproduce in a specific
environment is called FITNESS
Fitness is a result of _______
Fitness is a result of ADAPTATION
Natural Selection: _______ chooses
Natural Selection: Nature chooses
Artificial selection: _______ chooses
Artificial selection: Man chooses
Natural Selection is the process by
which organisms with variations most
suited to their local environment
_______ and leave more _______
Natural Selection is the process by
which organisms with variations most
suited to their local environment
survive and leave more offspring
Natural Selection occurs in any
situation in which more i_______
are _______ than can survive
Natural Selection occurs in any
situation in which more individuals
are born than can survive
_______ proposed that the _______ or _______ of organs
caused organisms to gain or lose traits over
time.
Lamarck proposed that the use or disuse of organs
caused organisms to gain or lose traits over
time.
These new characteristics could be passed on to the next generation. • Suggest that species are not fixed • Explain that evolution uses natural processes • Recognize that there is a link between an organism’s environment and its body structures • Lamarck’s work paved the way for later biologists, including \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
These new characteristics could be passed on to the next generation. • Suggest that species are not fixed • Explain that evolution uses natural processes • Recognize that there is a link between an organism’s environment and its body structures • Lamarck’s work paved the way for later biologists, including Darwin
In 1798, Thomas Malthus noticed
that people were being _______ faster
than people were _______
In 1798, Thomas Malthus noticed
that people were being born faster
than people were dying
He reasoned that if the human
population grew _______, there
would not be enough living space
and food for _______
He reasoned that if the human
population grew unchecked, there
would not be enough living space
and food for everyone
_______ reasoned that what applied for
human populations also applied to all living
things.
Malthus reasoned that what applied for
human populations also applied to all living
things.
An Austrian Neurologist who became fascinated with studying hysteria. • Father of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_. • Psychology was considered more of an \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ rather than a science. • \_\_\_\_\_\_\_- is the study that explains human behavior.
Sigmund Freud An Austrian Neurologist who became fascinated with studying hysteria. • Father of psychoanalysis. • Psychology was considered more of an art rather than a science. • Psychoanalysis- is the study that explains human behavior.
_______ mind – like the top of the
iceberg, only a small portion of our mind is
accessible to us.
Conscious mind – like the top of the
iceberg, only a small portion of our mind is
accessible to us.
_______ mind – material that is
unconscious, but can be easily brought
into awareness. Moves back & forth easily
between conscious & unconscious.
Preconscious mind – material that is
unconscious, but can be easily brought
into awareness. Moves back & forth easily
between conscious & unconscious.
_______ mind – is completely
outside of our awareness (could produce
anxiety if made conscious).
Unconscious mind – is completely
outside of our awareness (could produce
anxiety if made conscious).
_______ – “pleasure principle” unconscious impulses that
want to be gratified, without regard to potential
punishment.
Id – “pleasure principle” unconscious impulses that
want to be gratified, without regard to potential
punishment.
_______ “reality principle” – tries to satisfy id impulses
while minimizing punishment & guilt
Ego “reality principle” – tries to satisfy id impulses
while minimizing punishment & guilt
_______ – the “moral principle” of our personality
which tells us right from wrong our conscience.
Superego – the “moral principle” of our personality
which tells us right from wrong our conscience.
