Week 4: Distributive Infrastructure System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the Energy System (IPCC)?

A

All components related to the production, conversion, delivery, and use of energy

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2
Q

What are the two sources of energy?

A

1.) Primary energy –> sun, waves, coal, oil
2.) Secondary energy —> electricity, heat

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3
Q

Here is a fun fact about the energy system

A

The energy system is the largest contributor to global GHG emissions

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4
Q

How is electricity generated?

A

Low-carbon sources such as Hydropower, Nuclear, Solar, Biofiels, and other renewables

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5
Q

What are the factors that reduce the availability of good-quality water?

A

1.) Urban development
2.) Industrial growth
3.) Environmental pollution
4.) Built infrastructure

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6
Q

What effect would water losses/leaks cause?

A

More leak > more treatment > more energy required to fix it > more carbon footprint

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7
Q

How do we minimise the water demand?

A

1.) water sensitive design
2.) Alternative water sources
3.) Alternative water uses

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8
Q

What is the largest source of emissions in the food system?

A

Livestock, where sheep and cows produce 100 times more methane than they used to have.

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9
Q

What is enteric fermentation?

A

Gasses come out of livestock

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10
Q

How do we mitigate the climate change impact of the energy system?

A

1.) Production side: transition away from Fossil fuels
2.) Consumption side: improve energy efficiency

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11
Q

How do we mitigate the emissions from the electricity system?

A

1.) Production side: zero or low-carbon electricity generation
2.) Consumption side: minimising energy use

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12
Q

How do we mitigate the emissions from the water supply system?

A

1.) Production side: energy efficiency improvements (minimisation of energy requirements)
2.) Consumption side: Reduction of demand for treated water (alternative water use/water reuse)

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13
Q

How do we mitigate the emissions from the food system?

A

1.) Production side: minimising emissions from enteric fermentation
2.) Consumption side: Reduce demand for high-emissions product

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14
Q

Why is a network important in infrastructure?

A
  • failure analysis
  • Determine important structure
  • Optimisation
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15
Q

How do we determine the size of the network?

A

The number of nodes and links, for example, the shortest path is the shortest distance between 2 nodes where it usually has lowest number of links

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16
Q

What is number of cycles?

A

Number of loops in a network [ M = L-N+S]

17
Q

What is beta-index?

A

Simple measure of network complexity [ beta = L/N], more links ,ore complex

18
Q

What is Degree of connectivity?

A

the ratio of actual to potential number of links

19
Q

What are the three types of centrality?

A

1.) Eigenvalue centrality: based on the importance of neighbours
2.) Closeness centrality: based on access to all other nodes
3.) Betweenness centrality: based on the usefulness of connecting any node to another