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PHTY 800 > Week 4 - CR Response to Exercise > Flashcards

Week 4 - CR Response to Exercise Flashcards

1
Q

ATP: what is it, what’s released during hydrolysis, how much do we store, + how long it sustains function

A
  • An energy rich compound for biological work.
  • Energy released during hydrolysis of ATP
  • Store very little (250g)
  • Sustains resting func. for 90s + 60s exercise.
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2
Q

ATP + H20 –>

A

ADP + Pi + H+ + 7kcaloffreeenergy/mol

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3
Q

ADP + H20 –>

A

AMP + Pi + H+ + 7kcaloffreeenergy/mol

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4
Q

ATP-CP Pathway

A

(Anaerobic)
-Fuel: stored phosphagens

-Speed of ATP mobilisation: very fast (4 mol ATP/min)

-Capacity: Very Limited
Phosphocreatine -> PO + Creatine + energy
ADP + P + Energy = ATP

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5
Q

Glycolysis

A

(Anaerobic)
-Fuel: Glycogen/glucose

-Speed of ATP mobilisation: Fast (2.5 mol ATP/min)

  • Capacity: Limited
    Glycogen -> pyruvic acid -> lactic acid (if O2 isn’t present)
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6
Q

Oxidative phosphorylation

A

(Aerobic)
- Fuel: Glycogen, glucose, fats, proteins

  • Speed of mobilisation: Slow (1 mol ATP/min)
  • Capacity: Unlimited
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7
Q

What energy pathway do we use at the beginning of activity + after that?

A
  • The first 30sec. we use ATP-CP
  • After: begin to use anaerobic glycolysis
  • Lastly: Aerobic pathway-oxidative phosphorylation
  • In reality : all 3 are active @ any time but to diff. degrees
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8
Q

Oxygen Consumption (VO2)

A

The amount of O2 taken up by the lungs

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9
Q

Cellular Oxygen Consumption (QO2)

A

The amount of oxygen taken up/consumed by the cells (i.e. skeletal muscle cells)

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10
Q

Maximal V02 (V02 max)

A

The maximal volume of oxygen that a body can take up and use.

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11
Q

What influences V02 max?

A

Age, intensity/volume of training, gender, mode of activity, environment(altitude/TM v trail), state of physical health, genetics (heart size/muscle type)

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12
Q

Fick Principle equation

A

VO2max = Q(max) x (Ca02 - CV02)max

Q= cardiac output
Difference on the contents of O2 in the arterial + mixed venous blood

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13
Q

(Ventilation) Ve=

A

Vt x f = 6 L/min

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14
Q

Fick’s law of diffusion

A 
Vgas = (AxD(P1-P2)) / T
A = surface area
D= diffusion constant 
Partial pressure 
T = Thickness of alveoli capillary membrane
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15
Q

Affect of thickness of alveoli capillary membrane

A
  • Thin makes it easier for diffusion
  • Thicker in situations w/ fibrosis in membrane, could even happen w/ intense exercise due to pulm. oedema, inflamm., inhale of dust
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16
Q

VO2 + Ve during 5 min. of moderate intensity exercise

A

Both ventilation + Vo2 are steady at rest, increase during exercise, then goes down during recovery

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17
Q

Factors that influence breathing during exercise

A
  • Respiratory center (situated in medulla/pons)
    (1) gets inputs from the brain (relies on receptors)
    (2) Sends info to phrenic nerve to make diaphragm/accessory muscles to contract
    (increases VT + RR)
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18
Q

Peripheral chemoreceptors: what do they do + what can it identify

A
  • Carotid bodies pick up low levels of O2 below 60mmHg + increased levels of CO2 or lactic acid
  • Important in picking up hypoxemia (low oxygen) + metabolic acidosis
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19
Q

Central chemoreceptors: what is it + what can it identify

A

Brain; Neurons dotted around respiratory centre; important in picking up H20 ions due to an increase in C02
- Respiratory acidosis

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20
Q

What signals govern the Ve response to constant workload exercise?

A

I - Central command (brain warns body were exercising)
II - Short-term potentiation (stimulates neurons after resp. Centre is activated)
III - POSSIBLY Chemoreceptors in muscle, mechanoreceptors
- def not carotid bodies b/c O2 doesn’t drop enough, + CO2 doesn’t rise enough for it to be.

21
Q

What signals govern the Ve response during incremental exercise?

A
  • pH rises, CO2 + O2 decreases –> so pH is what’s really changing ventilation during incremental exercise
22
Q

What increases ventilation at the end of a submax test (after ventilatory threshold)?

A

It is driven by carotid bodies (peripheral chemoreceptors) b/c build up of lactic acid, needs the carotid body to bring in the last bit of O2 to finish the aerobic work.

23
Q

Role of the cardiorespiratory

A
  • Deliver adequate oxygen + remove waste products from tissues.
  • Transport nutrients
  • Regulate temperature
24
Q

Cardiac output (Q)

A

HR x SV (stroke volume)

25
Q

What is HR controlled by?

A

Autonomic nerves + circulating catecholamines

  • Parasympathetic NS brings the HR down
  • Sympathetic NS increases heart rate (doesn’t play much at rest)
26
Q

What does stroke volume (SV) depend on?

A

Preload, contractility, + afterload

27
Q

SV - Preload- what is it / what happens that affects contraction

A

Degree of stretch prior to contraction (diastole)

  • Extra blood stretching cardiomyocytes during period of diastole evokes a stronger contraction.
  • They like extra blood coming to heart = stretch in sarcomere length (actin/myosin) = greater contraction
  • Troponin becomes more sensitive to Ca++
28
Q

SV - Contractility

A

Influenced by sympathetic nerve activity + frank-starling mechanism
- Increased during exercise: increase in sympathetic nerve activity, increase in catecholamines, increased HR

29
Q

Inotropy

A

Changes in contractility; + inotropes help stimulate the heart

30
Q

Sympathetic hormones that are released from the body during exercise:

A
  • These help contract the heart more strongly:
    (1) Catecholamines: adrenaline/noradrenaline
    (2) B-agnosists (B-antagonist/blockers are inotropes)

Catecholamines bind to beta-receptors in cardiac muscle + increase Ca+ in the muscle which in turn means a stronger contraction.

31
Q

SV - Afterload

A

BP = Q x TPR (total peripheral resistance)

32
Q

Vagal withdrawal

A

happens at HR up to 100 bpm

33
Q

Sympathetic drive

A
  • Neural drive supplemented by circulating catecholamines

- HR over 100 bpm

34
Q

HRR

A

Heart rate recovery

- Vagal is the initial response & sympathetic comes into play later

35
Q

What cause an increase in stroke volume during exercise?

A

EDV - venoconstriction, skeletal muscle pump, respiratory pump

36
Q

Skeletal / respiratory muscle pumps contribution to increased diastolic volume:

A
  • The compressive effect of muscle contraction pushes blood toward the heart (skeletal muscle pump)
  • Reduction in intrapleural pressure during inspiration draws blood towards the heart.
37
Q

Vasodilatory influences (skeletal muscle)

A

increased H+ / lactate, increased K+, increased Co2, decreased O2

38
Q

MAP =

A

DAP + 1/3 PP

  • DAP is dependent on changes in TPR (decreased TPR = vasodilate)
  • Increased contractility/SV = increased SAP
39
Q

Training + VO2 - Central adjustments

A

Increased cardiac output / SV

  • Increased contraction strength, increased EDV (increase filling time, plasma volume, ventricular volume)
  • Decreased TPR
40
Q

Training + VO2 - Peripheral adjustments

A

Increase muscle blood flow

  • Skeletal muscle O2 extraction is increased by:
    (1) increases capillary density
    (2) increase in myoglobin
    (3) increase in size + # of mitochondria
    (4) increase in levels of oxidative enzymes
41
Q

What can affect SpO2 measurements?

A

Scarring, movement, nail polish, bright light on the probe, poor perfusion

  • want 2 surfaces close to parallel
  • line measuring HR should be nice + steady
42
Q

Systolic

A

Degree of force when heart is contracting (how hard blood is pushing against artery walls, while ventricles squeeze and push blood to the rest of your body)

43
Q

Diastolic

A

Degree of force when the heart relaxes (ventricles refill with blood)

44
Q

Total peripheral resistance

A

vasoconstriction/vasodilation

45
Q

What does SpO2 measure?

A

% of haemoglobin that is bound w/ O2 in blood

- indicates the oxygen carrying capacity of blood.

46
Q

Considerations when taking BP

A
  • avoid caffeinated/alcoholic beverages 30 min. beforehand.
  • Sit quietly for 5 min. w/ back supported /legs uncrossed
  • Support arm so elbow is @ or near heart level
  • Wrap cuff over bare skin.
  • Don’t talk during measurement
47
Q

Blood Pressure

A

The pressure exerted by blood against the tunica interna (inner wall of an artery)

48
Q

Factors that can affect BP

A
  • cuff is too small
  • cuff used over clothing
  • arm/back/feet unsupported
  • emotional state
  • talking
  • smoking
  • alc/caffeine
  • temp.
  • full bladder
  • dehydration
  • time of day
49
Q

What signals govern the increase in Q during constant workload exercise

A

(1) Vagal withdrawal/ central command/ muscle pump/ sensory nerve activity
(2) Vasodilation in active muscles, stimulation of CV system
(3) baroreflex stabilization of BP

PHTY 800 (8 decks)

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