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PHTY 800 > Week 3- CR Anatomy/Physiology + Mechanics of Breathing > Flashcards

Week 3- CR Anatomy/Physiology + Mechanics of Breathing Flashcards

1
Q

Main functions of the respiratory system

A

Ventilation + gas exchange

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2
Q

Ventilation

A
  • Movement of gas in/out lungs

- Stops from inhaling foreign particles via mucociliary clearance (MCC) + cough

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3
Q

Gas exchange: functions + to achieve the two functions what does there need to be

A

Diffusion of O2 into the blood + removal of CO2

–> Need air moved via thoracic cage + blood moved via the heart, both to the lungs

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4
Q

The functions of the respiratory system in CR physio are defined as:

A

gas movement + secretion

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5
Q

Upper Respiratory Anatomy + Function + what do nose hairs do

A

Nose / Nasal Cavity / Pharynx (throat) / Larynx

Nose hairs filtrate + trap larger particles (i.e. pollen)

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6
Q

What does the nose do

A

Passageway for air / - Warms, humidifies. + filters air

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7
Q

Nasal cavity

A
  • Nasal cavity increases mucosal surface area + turbulence (slows airflow to allow time for air to be filtered/warmed)
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8
Q

Respiratory mucosa

A

Lines the nasal cavity and has ciliated epithelium that contain goblet cells which secrete mucus + trap inhaled particles

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9
Q

Pharynx

A

(Throat) Common passageway for air, food, + liquid

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10
Q

Larynx

A

Voice box

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11
Q

Lower Respiratory Tract (Function)

A

Conducting / gas exchange

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12
Q

Conducting part of LRT (Anatomy)

A

Trachea / L+R main bronchi / Lobar bronchi / Segmental bronchi / Bronchioles / Terminal bronchioles

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13
Q

2 Functions of the conducting part of LRT

A

(1) Conducts air into gaseous exchange part of lungs

(2) Traps smaller particles (i.e. bacteria) moved via the mucociliary escalator to pharynx where they are swallowed

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14
Q

CENTRAL airway lining of conducting part of LRT

A

> 2 mm diameter (i.e. main bronchi)

  • Mucus layer, ciliated epithelium, goblet cells, submucosal glands.
  • Think about function: has to have mucus which is prod. by goblet cells, + ciliated epithelium which are the hairs that assist.
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15
Q

PERIPHERAL airway lining of conducting part of LRT

A

<2mm diameter (i.e. terminal bronchiole)

- No mucus later, less/smaller cilia, clara cells (don’t make mucus)

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16
Q

Gaseous exchange part of LRT (anatomy)

A

Respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, alveoli

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17
Q

Function of the gaseous exchange part of LRT

A

Gas exchange between O2 + Co2 occurs via diffusion in alveoli that are ventilated + perfused

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18
Q

Alveolar ventilation (v)

A

4 L/min- amount of gas getting into alveoli

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19
Q

Diffusion

A

Movement of gases (high to low) betw. alveoli, plasma, + red blood cells.

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20
Q

Perfusion (Q)

A

Pulmonary blood flow - cardiac out ~ 5 L/min

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21
Q

Lung anatomy

A

3 R lobes (UL,ML,LL) (horiz./oblique fissure) - 10 segments

2 L lobes (UL, LL) (oblique fissure) - 8 segments

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22
Q

Purpose of pleural cavity

A

Provides lubrication to reduce friction when the lungs inflate + recoil during breathing.
- Contains a small amount of pleural fluid, which allows the 2 layers to glide over each other during inspir./expir.

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23
Q

Resting volume of lung determined by:

A

The outward spring of the rib cage + inward elastic recoil of the lung matrix

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24
Q

Visceral pleura (inner layer)

A

Attaches to the outer surface of lungs + lines the fissures

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25
Parietal pleura (outer layer)
Attaches to the chest/thoracic wall + superior surface of the diaphragm - Highly sensitive to pain due to innervation from the phrenic/intercostal nerves.
26
Steps of pleural surfaces working
1. Lungs are elastic + want to recoil inwards 2. The chest wall wants to expand outwards. 3. B/c the 2 pleural surfaces are pulling in opp. directions, it creates a - pressure in the pleural cavity. (This is what keeps lungs expanded)
27
Pneumothorax
Air in the pleural cavity; - intrapleural pressure (Ppl is disrupted) - Lungs collapse inward (i. e. stab wound/punctured lung from rib)
28
True ribs
T1-T7; Attach directly to sternum/spine
29
False/floating ribs
False - 8-12 (5) | Floating - 11,12
30
Thoracic cage moves in these 2 directions:
AP (pump handle) - ribs 2-5 raised during inspiration | Lateral (bucket-handle) - ribs 9-10 move in an upwards + outwards direction during inspiration.
31
Anterior/posterior apex of the lung
Ant. - Sits 2.5 cm above the medial 1/3 clavicle | Post. - C7
32
Anterior/posterior base of the lung
Ant. - to rib 6 Lat - to rib 8 Post. - to 10th rib
33
Inferior border of R lung
6th rib in mid-clavicular line --> 8th rib in the mid-axillary line, + 10th rib posteriorly.
34
Medial border of R lung
Ant. - 6th rib from sternoclavicular joint | Post. - T1-T10 to side of spinous processes
35
Location of cardiac notch
Medial border of L lung, 3-4 cm deviation from 4-6 rib
36
U / M / L Zones
U - above 2nd ant. rib M - betw 2nd/4th ribs L - below 4th rib
37
Primary muscles of inspiration
(1) Diaphragm | external intercostals, parasternal intercostals + scalene
38
Accessory Inspiration Muscles
Sternocleidomastoid, UT, Pec major/minor, Serratus anterior, Thoracic extensors
39
Accessory Expiration Muscles
Abdominals / Internal Intercostals
40
Diaphragm
Inspiration: contracts or during exercise contracts on expiration too Origin: Lower costal ribs, lumbar vertebra Insertion: Central tendon Innervates: C3,4,5
41
Tidal volume (Vt)
Volume of gas inspired/expired w/ each breath
42
Vital capacity (VC)
Volume of gas expired after a max inspiration to a max expiration (4L)
43
Total Lung Capacity (TLC)
Volume of gas in lungs after max inspiration (5L)
44
Functional Residual Capacity (FRC)
- A reserve for gas exchange/minimises work of breathing | - Volume of gas in the lungs @ the end of a normal (passive) expiration (2.5L)
45
What happens when FRC falls below closing volume?
Leads to atelectasis which is associated w/ reduced oxygenation, poor CO2 clearance, + an increased work of breathing.
46
Residual volume
Volume of gas remaining in the lungs after a max expiration (cannot be exhaled)
47
What happens to an increase in RV?
Occurs in obstructive lung disease due to air trapping. | - leads to altered resp. mechanics, increased work of breathing, + poor gas exchange.
48
Total Lung Capacity
Volume of gas in the lungs after a max inspiration
49
Atmospheric/barometric pressure
Pressure exerted by the gases in the air. (Sum of all the partial pressures of gases in the air)
50
Intra-alveoral pressure (Pa)
Pressure w/in the alveoli; falls w/ inspiration + rises w/ expiration - always eventually equalises w/ atmospheric pressure.
51
Intrapleural pressure (Ppl) + how is this pressure created
Pressure w/in the pleural cavity + decreases on inspiration & increases on expiration. - pressure created by chest wall wanting to expand out, while the lungs want to recoil in.
52
Mechanics of breathing @ rest - FRC
(Pb) - Barometric pressure @ mouth = 0 (Pa) - Pressure in lungs (alveolar pressure) = 0 Intrapleural pressure = - (No airflow ; Pb=Pa)
53
Mechanics of breathing during inspiration
Intrapleural pressure becomes even more -, lungs want to recoil in even more when lungs get bigger (1) Inspiratory muscles contract (2) Thoracic cage expands (3) Lungs expand (increase lung volume) (4) Intrapleural + intraalveolar pressures decrease (Pa[-2] < Pb [0] = airflow>lungs)
54
Mechanics of breathing end inspiration
Pressures are = again, airflow ceases | Pa=Pb
55
Mechanics of breathing during expiration
(1) Respiratory muscles relax (2) Lungs passively recoil (to FRC) (3) Alveolar pressure rises (becomes +) compared to mouth (barometric) pressure so gas moves towards the mouth Pa>Pb
56
Horizontal fissure on R
Just above the level of the 4th rib/nipple, ends @ oblique fissure
57
Oblique fissure of R/L
T3/T4 travels to base of lung | - Follows lines of medial scap w/ arm abducted @ 90
58
Total (or minute) ventilation (Ve)
Vt (tidal volume[500ml]) x RR (resp. rate) = 6 L/min | - Mass movement of gas in/out of lung
59
Alveolar ventilation (Va) + equation
- The amount of fresh gas getting to the alveoli. | Va= (Vt-Vd) x RR ~ 4.2L/min
60
Anatomical Dead Space (Vd)
Gas in the conducting airways (from nose to terminal bronchioles); about 150 ml.
61
Low alveolar ventilation =
Increase in PaC02 (partial carbon dioxide) + decrease in Pa02 (diffusion) - PaC02 = most important ABG affecting ventilation
62
Intrapleural pressure (Ppl) affects on ventilation
- Occurs betw. 2 pleural layers - is usually - : more - as you move up, if + lungs collapse - (- Ppl) keeps lungs expanded, becomes more - on inspiration. - More - @ apex b/c gravity
63
Apical region affect on pressure
Gravity > lung pulls down more > more - Ppl > stretch on alveoli> alveoli more expanded @ FRC
64
Basal region affect on pressure
Gravity less pull down> less - Ppl > alveoli less stretch > alveoli less open @ FRC (able to take more air in during FRC b/c alveoli in apex are already expanded)
65
Lung compliance definition
Change in volume produced by a change in pressure (C = change in V / change in P)
66
Low compliance
Closed alveoli OR well opened alveoli = harder to inflate (ventilate)
67
High compliance
Smaller alveoli = easier to inflate
68
Non-dependent lung region (apex)
Uppermost lung Alveoli stretched open @ FRC b/c - Ppl Less compliant / take in less air, decreased ventilation
69
Dependent lung region (basal)
Lower lung Alveoli less stretched @ FRC, so less - Ppl More compliant / increased ventilation
70
Mucus - what is it, how much is prod., what does it contain
Mechanical, bio, chem, barrier to inhaled material. - prod. 100-250 ml/day - covers airways, traps particles + bacteria - 2 layers- gel/sol(cilia) - Contains natural enzymes that destroy bacteria
71
Cilia
Moves particles caught in mucus up to pharynx where it is swallowed. Stimulated by presence of mucus.
72
Things that - affect mucociliary clearance
Age, sleep, respiratory disease, meds, smoking
73
Things that + affect mucociliary clearance
Exercise, environment, meds
74
Cough
Functions to assist the removal of material from the airways Used if: - volume of mucus is too large for normal MCC -MCC damaged -Exercise can stimulate
75
Alveolar clearance
- No cilia in the alveoli - Only small particles will reach the alveoli (i.e. tobacco, smoke) - Deposit via sedimentation/diffusion - Particles are engulfed by macrophages - Takes 1-3 days
76
ECG - P wave
Records electrical activity thru upper chambers (atrial depolarisation)
77
ECG - QRS complex
Record the movement of electrical impulses thru lower chambers (ventricle depolarisation)
78
ECG - PR
Reflects conduction thru the AV node. | atria contracting
79
ECG - ST segment
Shows when the ventricle is contracting but no electricity is flowing thru.
80
ECG - T wave
Shows lower heart chambers are resting electrically & prepping for next muscle contraction

PHTY 800 (8 decks)

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