Week 4 Content Flashcards
What is a quasi-experiment?
Similar to experimental design but lacks either a control group, random assignment, or both
What are the two type of designs for quasi-experiments?
One-group design, multigroup deisng
What are the types of one group design of quasi-experiments?
One group pretest-postest/one way repeated measures and time series design
What are the possible patterns of one-group design?
Sample study -> pretest -> intervention -> posttest. OR. Sample study -> pretest -> intervention -> Posttest 1 -? Posttest 2. OR. Sample study -> pretest -> intervention -> posttest 1 -> intervention ->posttest 2
What does the one group design have threats to internal validity?
History, maturation, statistical regression, instrumentation (anything else that could be causing the change)
What is a times series design?
Multiple pretests and posttests act as a pseudocontrol condition
Describe the pattern of a time series design.
Sample study -> Prestest 1->2->3 -> intervention -> Postest 1->2->3
What are the types of multigroup design?
Nonquivalent pretest-postest control group and historical contents AND Nonequivalent posttest only design
Describe the Nonequivalent pretest-postest Design.
Experimental group -> pretest -> intervention -> posttest and control group -> pretest -> nothing/placebo -> Posttest
What are the advantages to the nonequivalent pretest-postest design?
Use of control group has some control over internal validity, test equivalency of groups based on prescores
What are the ethical concerns of nonquivalent pretest-postest design?
Lack of randomization
Describe the Nonequivalent posttest only design.
Experimental group -> intervention -> postest and control group -> nothing/placebo -> posttest
What are the disadvantages to the nonequivalent posttest only design?
No knowledge of baseline, no way to test equivalency of groups based on prescores
What do single-subject designs allow for?
Cause and effect inferences
Why are cause and effect inferences allowed in a single subject study?
Rigorous planning and control phase
Which type of research design is individualistic?
Single subject
What is the IV for a single subject design?
Treatment (levels are the phases)
What is the dependent variable for a single subject design?
Patient response
How do single subject studies differ from case studies?
Repeat measurements and design phases
What does the baseline phase of a single subject design evaluate for?
Stability and trend
What is stability in a study?
little variability
What is a trend in a study?
Indication that change is occuring without intervention
What are the two types of single subject design studies?
AB design, ABA design
What is the AB design?
baseline phase and treatment phase
What is the ABA design?
Baseline phase + treatment phase + baseline phase
What are the advantages of AB design?
Can observe changes between
What are the disadvantages of the AB design?
Unsure if B was due to some confounding variable
What are the advantages of the ABA design?
can determine if A really caused B since target behavior should return to baseline
What are the disadvantages of the ABA design?
Behavior must be reversible
What is the data analysis based on in a single subject study?
Visual trends, variability assessment
What is the purpose of exploratory/observational studies?
To look for relationships
What type of research is the data collected as they exist?
Observational
What type of research is the investigation of relationships between two or more variables?
Exploratory
What is the meaning of a longitudinal study?
Has a time component
What is a cross-sectional study?
One time point
What is a retrospective study?
Type of longitudinal study that looks back in time
What is a prospective study?
Type of longitudinal study that looks forward in time
What is a correlation study?
based on covariation, does not imply causation but finds a relationship
What is a case control/cohort study?
Intented to study risk factors, establish an association between disease and exposure
What are the key differences in case control studies and cohort studies?
Case control: based on if they do or do not have disorder, examine if exposure is different, works well for rare conditions, retrospective. Cohort? Subjects based on exposure of not, usually prospective, examine if different incidence of disease, doesn’t work well for rare conditions
What are the 5 criteria to be met for an observational study to provide evidence for cause and effect?
- time sequence 2. strength of association 3. biologic credibility 4. consistency 5. dose-response relationship
What is methodological research?
Clinical applications and foundational to future research
What is secondary analysis?
using existing database to examine relationships between variables
What are the types of descriptive research?
Natural history, normative studies, qualitative, surveys, and case studies
What is a case study?
a single case report or case series
What are the characteristics of a case study?
Usually retrospective, less standardized and controlled, doesn’t meet the IRB definition of research, less internal validity, often external validity is “cherry picked”
What are the four purposes of descriptive research?
- understanding unusual conditions 2. examples of innovative or creative therapies 3. generating and testing theory 4. providing future research directives
What is qualitative research?
Finding out why, who, where, when, how as apposed to how much?, just meant to understand a phenomenon. done via observation, interview, focus group, survey
