Week 4 - Communicable Diseases and Caring for the Child and Family Experiencing Accidental Injuries Flashcards
Mumps
Cause: Paramyxovirus
Prevention: Immunization
Transmission: Respiratory droplets, saliva
Onset: 12-15 days
Duration: 1-2 weeks
Symptoms: Acute parotitis, fever, headache, myalgia, malaise
Treatment: Rest, analgesics, antipyretics, compresses, soft diet
Complications: Orchitis, meningitis, deafness, pancreatitis
Measles (Rubeola)
Cause: Paramyxovirus
Prevention: Immunization
Transmission: Respiratory droplets, saliva, airborne particles
Infectious Period: 4 days before to 4 days after rash onset
Duration: 1 week
Symptoms: White papules in the mouth, bright red blotchy rash, fever, cough, runny nose
Treatment: Rest, analgesics, antipyretics
Complications: Immunosuppression, blindness, encephalitis
Rubella (German Measles)
Prevention: Immunization
Transmission: Respiratory droplets, secretions
Infectious Period: 1-2 weeks after rash develops
Duration: 5 days
Pertussis (Whooping Cough)
Cause: Bordetella pertussis
Prevention: Immunization
Transmission: Respiratory droplets, direct contact
Infectious Period: 2 weeks
Duration: 1-2 weeks
Symptoms: Runny nose, fever, “whooping” cough, exhaustion
Treatment: Antibiotics, supportive airway care
Meningococcal Disease
Cause: Neisseria meningitidis
Prevention: Immunization
Transmission: Respiratory droplets, direct contact
Symptoms: Fever, headache, stiff neck, nausea/vomiting, drowsiness, confusion, photophobia, purple rash
Treatment: Medical emergency, antibiotics, rest, pain management, seizure management, surgical intervention
Complications: Meningitis, meningococcal septicemia, deafness, death
Varicella (Chicken Pox)
Cause: Varicella zoster
Prevention: Immunization
Transmission: Respiratory droplets, airborne
Infectious Period: 2 days prior until 5 days after rash develops
Symptoms: Erythematous macular rash, papules, vesicles/pustules, intense pruritus, malaise, fever
Treatment: Self-limited, analgesics, antipyretics, pruritus control, acyclovir
Notes: Virus can reactivate as shingles
Influenza
Prevention: Immunization
Transmission: Respiratory droplets, direct contact
Infectious Period: 1 day before to 5 days after symptoms start
Sexually Transmitted Diseases
Prevention: Safe sex practices, immunization
Transmission: Sexual activity; some from mother to newborn
Risk Factors: Unprotected sex, high-risk partners
Examples: Chlamydia, genital herpes, HPV, syphilis, Hep A/B/C, HIV, CMV
Causes of Burns
Types: Thermal, chemical, electrical
Note: Thermal burns are highest risk, often from hot appliances and liquids
superficial Thickness Burns
nvolves: Epidermis only
Appearance: Erythematous, looks like sunburn
Symptoms: Mild pain, no blisters
Duration: Lasts 3-4 hours
Superficial Partial Thickness Burns
Involves: Complete epithelial damage, superficial dermis
Symptoms: Bleeding, blisters, wet, painful
Duration: Lasts 2-4 weeks
Notes: No neurovascular damage
Deep Partial Thickness Burns
involves: Deep dermis (reticular damage)
Appearance: Cherry red or pale, large blisters
Symptoms: Delayed cap refill, less painful
Healing Time: < 8 weeks, may require grafting
Full Thickness Burns
Involves: All layers of skin, subcutaneous tissue, fascia, muscle, bone
Appearance: White, waxy, brown, leathery
Symptoms: Lack of pain, absent cap refill
Treatment: Surgical intervention required
TBSA Estimation
purpose: Measures severity of burn
Method: Lund-Browder chart for proportional area
Importance: Accurate estimation is vital for IV fluid requirements and prognosis
initial Assessment for Burns
focus Areas: LOC, airway compromise, WOB
Components: Cornea exam, history of burn, signs of hypothermia or shock
Note: Circumferential burns are high risk
Initial Treatment for Burns
Components: Airway support, height/weight assessment, analgesia, burn classification, apply non-adherent dressing, fluid resuscitation
Ongoing Care for Burns
analgesia, fluid replacement, enteral/parenteral feeding, temperature maintenance, infection monitoring, electrolyte maintenance, dressing care
Psychological Impact of Burns
PTSD, disfigurement, ongoing procedures, family functioning, feelings of guilt and loss
Parent Education for Burn Prevention
Test bathwater, check smoke alarms, use back burners, do not leave children unattended, keep hazardous materials out of reach
Fractures in Children
Statistics: 50% of children sustain a fracture; higher risk in boys
Common Sites: Radius, hand, elbow, clavicle, tibia
Characteristics: More porous bones lead to higher risk of compression/buckle fractures
Initial Survey for Fractures
History of trauma, appearance (swollen, red, mal-positioned)
5 Ps of Fracture Assessment
Pain
Pulses
Pallor
Paresthesia
Paralysis
Signs of Non-Accidental Injuries
Indicators: Delayed presentation, mismatched injury story
Risk Factors: Age < 1 year, multiple fractures of different ages, presence of other injuries
Diagnosis of Non-Accidental Injuries
Methods: Skeletal survey, CT/MRI
Additional Indicators: Unwitnessed injury, caregiver disinterest
