Week 4 - Communicable Diseases and Caring for the Child and Family Experiencing Accidental Injuries

Question 1

Mumps

Answer 1

Cause: Paramyxovirus
Prevention: Immunization
Transmission: Respiratory droplets, saliva
Onset: 12-15 days
Duration: 1-2 weeks
Symptoms: Acute parotitis, fever, headache, myalgia, malaise
Treatment: Rest, analgesics, antipyretics, compresses, soft diet
Complications: Orchitis, meningitis, deafness, pancreatitis

Question 2

Measles (Rubeola)

Answer 2

Cause: Paramyxovirus
Prevention: Immunization
Transmission: Respiratory droplets, saliva, airborne particles
Infectious Period: 4 days before to 4 days after rash onset
Duration: 1 week
Symptoms: White papules in the mouth, bright red blotchy rash, fever, cough, runny nose
Treatment: Rest, analgesics, antipyretics
Complications: Immunosuppression, blindness, encephalitis

Question 3

Rubella (German Measles)

Answer 3

Prevention: Immunization
Transmission: Respiratory droplets, secretions
Infectious Period: 1-2 weeks after rash develops
Duration: 5 days

Question 4

Pertussis (Whooping Cough)

Answer 4

Cause: Bordetella pertussis
Prevention: Immunization
Transmission: Respiratory droplets, direct contact
Infectious Period: 2 weeks
Duration: 1-2 weeks
Symptoms: Runny nose, fever, “whooping” cough, exhaustion
Treatment: Antibiotics, supportive airway care

Question 5

Meningococcal Disease

Answer 5

Cause: Neisseria meningitidis
Prevention: Immunization
Transmission: Respiratory droplets, direct contact
Symptoms: Fever, headache, stiff neck, nausea/vomiting, drowsiness, confusion, photophobia, purple rash
Treatment: Medical emergency, antibiotics, rest, pain management, seizure management, surgical intervention
Complications: Meningitis, meningococcal septicemia, deafness, death

Question 6

Varicella (Chicken Pox)

Answer 6

Cause: Varicella zoster
Prevention: Immunization
Transmission: Respiratory droplets, airborne
Infectious Period: 2 days prior until 5 days after rash develops
Symptoms: Erythematous macular rash, papules, vesicles/pustules, intense pruritus, malaise, fever
Treatment: Self-limited, analgesics, antipyretics, pruritus control, acyclovir
Notes: Virus can reactivate as shingles

Question 7

Influenza

Answer 7

Prevention: Immunization
Transmission: Respiratory droplets, direct contact
Infectious Period: 1 day before to 5 days after symptoms start

Question 8

Sexually Transmitted Diseases

Answer 8

Prevention: Safe sex practices, immunization
Transmission: Sexual activity; some from mother to newborn
Risk Factors: Unprotected sex, high-risk partners
Examples: Chlamydia, genital herpes, HPV, syphilis, Hep A/B/C, HIV, CMV

Question 9

Causes of Burns

Answer 9

Types: Thermal, chemical, electrical
Note: Thermal burns are highest risk, often from hot appliances and liquids

Question 10

superficial Thickness Burns

Answer 10

nvolves: Epidermis only
Appearance: Erythematous, looks like sunburn
Symptoms: Mild pain, no blisters
Duration: Lasts 3-4 hours

Question 11

Superficial Partial Thickness Burns

Answer 11

Involves: Complete epithelial damage, superficial dermis
Symptoms: Bleeding, blisters, wet, painful
Duration: Lasts 2-4 weeks
Notes: No neurovascular damage

Question 12

Deep Partial Thickness Burns

Answer 12

involves: Deep dermis (reticular damage)
Appearance: Cherry red or pale, large blisters
Symptoms: Delayed cap refill, less painful
Healing Time: < 8 weeks, may require grafting

Question 13

Full Thickness Burns

Answer 13

Involves: All layers of skin, subcutaneous tissue, fascia, muscle, bone
Appearance: White, waxy, brown, leathery
Symptoms: Lack of pain, absent cap refill
Treatment: Surgical intervention required

Question 14

TBSA Estimation

Answer 14

purpose: Measures severity of burn
Method: Lund-Browder chart for proportional area
Importance: Accurate estimation is vital for IV fluid requirements and prognosis

Question 15

initial Assessment for Burns

Answer 15

focus Areas: LOC, airway compromise, WOB
Components: Cornea exam, history of burn, signs of hypothermia or shock
Note: Circumferential burns are high risk

Question 16

Initial Treatment for Burns

Answer 16

Components: Airway support, height/weight assessment, analgesia, burn classification, apply non-adherent dressing, fluid resuscitation

Question 17

Ongoing Care for Burns

Answer 17

analgesia, fluid replacement, enteral/parenteral feeding, temperature maintenance, infection monitoring, electrolyte maintenance, dressing care

Question 18

Psychological Impact of Burns

Answer 18

PTSD, disfigurement, ongoing procedures, family functioning, feelings of guilt and loss

Question 19

Parent Education for Burn Prevention

Answer 19

Test bathwater, check smoke alarms, use back burners, do not leave children unattended, keep hazardous materials out of reach

Question 20

Fractures in Children

Answer 20

Statistics: 50% of children sustain a fracture; higher risk in boys
Common Sites: Radius, hand, elbow, clavicle, tibia
Characteristics: More porous bones lead to higher risk of compression/buckle fractures

Question 21

Initial Survey for Fractures

Answer 21

History of trauma, appearance (swollen, red, mal-positioned)

Question 22

5 Ps of Fracture Assessment

Answer 22

Pain
Pulses
Pallor
Paresthesia
Paralysis

Question 23

Signs of Non-Accidental Injuries

Answer 23

Indicators: Delayed presentation, mismatched injury story
Risk Factors: Age < 1 year, multiple fractures of different ages, presence of other injuries

Question 24

Diagnosis of Non-Accidental Injuries

Answer 24

Methods: Skeletal survey, CT/MRI
Additional Indicators: Unwitnessed injury, caregiver disinterest