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PSYC 2360 - Introduction to Social Psychology > Week 4 - Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Week 4 - Chapter 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 3 core themes that permeate the textbook?

A

Social thinking, social influence/impact, and social relatedness

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2
Q

Why are attitudes important (3 reasons)?

A
  1. Knowing attitudes improves understanding, 2. Knowing attitudes improve predicting, and 3. Knowing attitudes informs the creation of interventions designed to change social behaviours
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3
Q

What is the main interest of psychology?

A

Understanding why people do what they do

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4
Q

The knowledge of attitudes enable us to predict a person’s ________

A

behaviour

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5
Q

Theory + ________ = _______

A

research = knowledge

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6
Q

Changing attitudes should produce _________ _____

A

behavioural change

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7
Q

Attitude theory and research can inform ______ _____ attitude change campaigns

A

public health

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8
Q

What is an attitude?

A

An attitude is an evaluative feeling

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9
Q

An attitude is also known as an _______ _________

A

evaluative judgement

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10
Q

Feelings are _______, and they are tethered to something

A

targeted

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11
Q

Someone with a positive attitude towards premarital sex will:

A

Believe that premarital sex is normal and good, that everyone does it, and will have an awareness of factual information that is biased in favour of their positive attitude

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12
Q

Someone with a negative attitude toward premarital sex will:

A

Believe that it is not normal and that it is bad, is unlikely to believe that everyone does it, and believes that anyone who has done it is abnormal and bad, and will have an awareness of factual information that is biased in favour of their negative attitude

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13
Q

What was the original theory of reasoned action renamed as?

A

The Theory of Planned Behaviour

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14
Q

What are the three ‘determinants’ that play a role in someone’s behaviour?

A

Attitudes, subjective norms, and behavioural intention

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15
Q

Attitude leads to an _______, which mediates ________

A

intention; behaviour

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16
Q

Intention is known as a _________ ________

A

mediating mechanism

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17
Q

There is variability in _________

A

behaviour

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18
Q

A negative attitude can decrease the _______, and a positive one can strengthen it

A

intention

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19
Q

The _______ ____ is one’s personal perception and may not be accurate to what everyone else is doing

A

subjective norm

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20
Q

Intention mediates the relationship between what you either end up ________________

A

doing or not doing

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21
Q

__________ and ________ are filtered through intention

A

Subjective norms and attitudes

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22
Q

In the original theory of reasoned actions, factors that influence subjective norms and attitudes are _____ taken into consideration

A

NOT

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23
Q

What is the difference between the Theory of Reasoned Action and the Theory of Planned Behaviour?

A

The addition of perceived behavioural control

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24
Q

Perceived behavioural control has a ______ ____ on behaviour

A

direct effect

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25
Q

Perceived behavioural control can work independent of ______, although it doesn’t always

A

intention

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26
Q

What is the goal of the theory of planned behaviour?

A

The goal of TPB is to predict an individual’s likelihood of engaging in a particular behaviour

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27
Q

Intention is the main determinant but it is preceded by 3 factors: ________, __________, and ____________

A

attitude; subjective norms; perceived control

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28
Q

What is one’s personal attitude?

A

Our attitude toward a particular behaviour

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29
Q

Personal attitudes can be both _______ and ________

A

positive; negative

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30
Q

What are subjective norms?

A

A person’s view of the beliefs and attitudes of others

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31
Q

What was the idea of perceived behavioural control added onto?

A

It was added onto the idea of perceived self-efficacy proposed by Albert Bandura

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32
Q

Perceived behavioural control is the beliefs lf our ability to successfully perform the _________

A

behaviour

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33
Q

Perceived behavioural control is comprised of ______ and ________ enabling factors/forces

A

internal; external

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34
Q

Internal enablers breed _________

A

confidence

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35
Q

Internal disenablers breed ______

A

doubt

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36
Q

External enablers can either boost ________ or breed _____

A

confidence; doubt

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37
Q

What is intention said to do?

A

Intention is said to mediate the relationship of attitude on behaviour

38
Q

________ works through intention

A

Attitude

39
Q

The TPB has provided guidelines for all sorts of ______ ___________

A

health behaviours

40
Q

The TPB is the interface of ______ psychology and ______ psychology

A

social; health

41
Q

The TPB can be applied to ______, the ____________, and the ___________

A

education; criminal justice system; health system

42
Q

Social roles are:

A

actions expected of us by others

43
Q

The implicit ________ test measures implicit attitudes by comparing response times across different conditions

A

association

44
Q

Favourable and unfavourable evaluative reactions toward something is a description of a person’s _______

A

attitude

45
Q

Where in the brain does automatic evaluation of social stimuli take place?

A

The amygdala

46
Q

Andy is an excellent basketball player. His average number of shots made per game would be his principle of ____________

A

aggregation

47
Q

Mark is at the Canadian National Exhibition in Toronto. Mark is likely to be MOST confident about winning a carnival game _________ agreeing to play

A

after

48
Q

Attitudes tend to predict behaviours when we _______ other influences on our attitude statements and behaviours

A

minimize

49
Q

If a mirror is put in front of a classroom where students are taking a final exam, their own self-_______ will minimize cheating on the exam

A

awareness

50
Q

People from ________ cultures only experience cognitive dissonance when making decisions for others

A

collectivistic

51
Q

Vaneesha has felt much tension following the failure of her statistics class. She then decided the teacher did not explain the concepts appropriately. Vaneesha is displaying an example of ________ theory.

A

dissonance

52
Q

Attitudes that will be good predictors of behaviour are:
a) accessible
b) unstable
c) stable
d) experienced

A

accessible, stable, experienced

53
Q

Cody is at the funeral of his great-grandmother. He knows he is to be quiet and not run. This action is a/an ______

A

role

54
Q

A study of students placed in a mock prison setting assigned the roles of guards or prisoners found the guards were prone to _______ behaviours

A

aggressive

55
Q

Behavioural expectations for males and females reflect different __________ roles

A

gender

56
Q

Maria volunteered to help develop online professional development courses for other instructors. This evolved into teaching these online course for two years on top of Maria’s actual job duties. Maria has been caught in the ____-in-the-door phenomena.

A

foot

57
Q

Dartonya wanted to buy a new car. The salesman and Dartonya had agreed on a price when the salesman started adding in features such as floor mats and bug deflector. This is an example of low-____ technique.

A

ball

58
Q

Asking for a large request and then, after being turned down, asking for a smaller request, is an example of the _________________ technique

A

door-in-the-face

59
Q

Ozzie is always kind to smaller children in his neighbourhood. Ozzie always has a group of smaller children following him around. This is a demonstration of how positive behaviour fosters __________

A

liking

60
Q

According to self-__________ theory, we express attitudes that match our actions

A

presentation

61
Q

Tension that arises when one is aware of two inconsistent cognitions at the same time is a description of _______ ____________

A

cognitive dissonance

62
Q

The discrepancies between our behaviours and our attitudes is the basis of ___________ theory

A

dissonance

63
Q

A reduction of dissonance by internally justifying one’s behaviour with external justification is _________ justification

A

insufficient

64
Q

Sam did a service learning project in his psychology class of mowing an elderly neighbour’s lawn. After this experience, Sam’s attitudes followed his behaviours because he then felt some _______.

A

responsibility

65
Q

A century ago, William James identified we infer our emotions by observing our bodies and our _________

A

behaviours

66
Q

The result of bribing people to do what they already like doing, so that they may then see their actions as externally controlled rather than intrinsically appealing is a description of the ___________ effect.

A

overjustification

67
Q

An aroused state of uncomfortable tension is identified as _________

A

dissonance

68
Q

When people feel a self-image threat after an undesirable behaviour, they can compensate by affirming another aspect of themselves. This behaviour is a description of self-_________
theory.

A

affirmation

69
Q

People from ____________ cultures only experience cognitive dissonance when making decisions for themselves

A

individualistic

70
Q

Who first proposed self-perception theory?

A

Bem

71
Q

The Implicit Association Test has demonstrated that about 80% of people show an implicit ______ towards the elderly

A

bias

72
Q

According to Batson, moral ________ occurs when a person appears moral without actually being so

A

hypocrisy

73
Q

Self-________ people are usually more in touch with their attitudes

A

conscious

74
Q

Getting a person to agree to something more than their original agreement is called the _____-____ effect

A

low ball

75
Q

According to self-perception theory, we sometimes pretend to appear __________

A

consistent

76
Q

A reduction of dissonance by internally justifying one’s behaviour with external justification is ________ __________

A

insufficient justification

77
Q

Why do our behaviours and our expressed attitudes differ?

A

Because both are subject to other influences

78
Q

Social psychologists typically measure _________ attitudes

A

expressed

79
Q

What is the implicit association test? (IAT)

A

the IAT is a computer-driven assessment of implicit attitudes that uses reaction times to measure people’s automatic associations between attitude objects and evaluative words, where easier pairings are taken to indicate stronger unconscious associations

80
Q

Self-conscious people are usually __ ______ with their attitudes

A

in touch

81
Q

When attitudes are forged by experience, and not just by hearsay, they are more ________, more ______, and more likely to ______ _________

A

accessible; enduring; guide actions

82
Q

The word role is borrowed from _______ and refers to actions expected of those who occupy a particular _______ ___________

A

theatre; social position

83
Q

What are behaviour expectations for males and females known as?

A

Gender roles

84
Q

What is the foot-in-the-door phenomenon?

A

The tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request

85
Q

What is the low-ball technique?

A

A tactic for getting people to agree with something. People who agree to an initial request will often still comply when the requesters up the ante

86
Q

What is the door-in-the-face technique?

A

A strategy for gaining a concession after someone first turns down a larger request, the same requester counteroffers with a more reasonable request

87
Q

What is the cognitive dissonance theory?

A

A theory that assumes that tension arises when we are simultaneously aware of two inconsistent cognitions

88
Q

What is insufficient justification?

A

The reduction of dissonance by internally justifying one’s behaviour when external justification is ‘insufficient’

89
Q

Who proposed the self-perception theory?

A

Daryl Bem in 1972

90
Q

What is the self-perception theory?

A

the theory that, when unsure of our attitude, we infer them much as would someone observing us- by looking at our behaviour and the circumstances under which it occurs.

91
Q

What is the overjustification effect?

A

The overjustification effect is the result of bribing people to do what they already like doing. It occurs when someone offers an unnecessary reward beforehand in an obvious effort to control behaviour

PSYC 2360 - Introduction to Social Psychology (5 decks)

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