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PSYC 2360 - Introduction to Social Psychology > Week 2 - Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Week 2 - Chapter 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is self handicapping?

A

When people apparently self sabotage themselves

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2
Q

Self handicapping can be done with _______ awareness and can be ______________ motivated

A

conscious; sub-consciously

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3
Q

Self-handicapping only applies to __________ settings

A

achievment

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4
Q

Some impediments are ____________ handicaps

A

self-reported

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5
Q

Shyness is an _________ emotion

A

interpersonal

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6
Q

_______ ______ is a constellation of negative emotional responses stimulated by interpersonal interaction

A

Social anxiety

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7
Q

Social anxiety requires the presence of a ______ ______

A

social context

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8
Q

_______ and ________ are NOT the same

A

shyness; introversion

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9
Q

What are the 4 dimensions?

A

Affective, behavioural, physiological, and cognitive

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10
Q

Dispositional is another word for _________

A

personality

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11
Q

Low self-esteem is a vulnerable factor that makes one susceptible to experiencing _______

A

shyness

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12
Q

Having inadequate social skills can contribute to _____ and ______ _______

A

shyness; social anxiety

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13
Q

People with low self-esteem have unrealistically _____ and ______ expectations of others and themselves

A

high (themselves); harsh (others)

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14
Q

__________ requires social comparison

A

Judgement

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15
Q

What is “not good enough syndrome”?

A

Results/consequences from upward comparisons that are unrealistic, and inappropriate targets of social comparison

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16
Q

Inadequacy results in:

A

the self-enhancement bias

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17
Q

What is the self-enhancement bias?

A

The conceited puffing up of the self by putting others down - also known as the narcissism epidemic

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18
Q

Not good enough syndrome has consequences that are _____, _____, and ______

A

toxic, adverse, negative

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19
Q

Upper comparison can _________, but it can also _____ and ______

A

demoralize; energize and motivate

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20
Q

Downward comparison can also boost __________

A

self-esteem

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21
Q

What are common features between shyness and introversion?

A

Both can impact a person’s social behaviour. They cause people to not affiliate with other’s much, and be in the company of others.

Both result in the person being alone a lot

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22
Q

What are the differences between shyness and introversion?

A

Their motivations and desires differ - the introvert for days on end is alone and working on their passions, and they are not motivated to be in the company of others.

Shy people are often alone, but they prefer to be in the company of others and they have a strong desire to affiliate with others

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23
Q

The shy person is:

A

ambivalent (has mixed feelings or contradictory ideas about something or someone)

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24
Q

What are factors that can cause or contribute to shyness?

A

Etiology, and the antecedent determinants

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25
Q

Explain the meta-cognitive theory

A

The dysfunctional allocation of attention. One is anxiously self-preoccupied and absorbed in their feeling of discomfort.

One can be anxiously self-preoccupied with: their thoughts, feelings, their physiology, and their verbal and nonverbal behaviour

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26
Q

What are the three points in which thinking is maladaptive in time?

A

Before social interaction, during a social interaction, and is distorted after a social interaction

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27
Q

Self _____ is what we know and believe about ourselves

A

concept

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28
Q

Teens who are identifying themselves as unique individuals with their own traits and abilities are developing ________

A

individualism

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29
Q

Students from which country feels the main purpose of language is to allow for self expression?

A

The United States/Canada

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30
Q

Why do people underestimate predictions in their activity goals?

A

They are not realistic, and they engage in the planning fallacy

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31
Q

How well do people predict their future emotions?

A

People are not good at predicting their future emotions

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32
Q

What are functions of our self-esteem fuel guage?

A

Motivating us to self-improvement, and alerting us to social rejection

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33
Q

Brett refuses to let anyone touch the barbecue when he is cooking steak because he believes he is the only one that can make the steak turn out perfectly. Brett is displaying the ______ ______ effect.

A

false uniqueness

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34
Q

When we see ourselves as being on stage for others to observe, we are demonstrating the ____ effect

A

spotlight

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35
Q

People are especially likely to experience the illusion of _____ when they are worried about being negatively evaluated by others

A

transparency

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36
Q

Our beliefs about the self that organize and guide our self-relevant information are our self-______

A

schemas

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37
Q

People who score _____ on self-monitoring are more concerned about what others think than people who score _____ on self-monitoring

A

high; low

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38
Q

Select all that apply - In which of the following activities is social comparison more likely? A) Individual wrestling, B) Caring for a dying spouse, C) Team volleyball, D) Individual finances

A

Individual wrestling, Team volleyball, and individual finances

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39
Q

What term describes the fact that how we imagine others see us is more important to our self-concept than how others actually see us?

A

The looking-glass self

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40
Q

Which region traditionally places more importance on collectivism than on individualism?

A

Asia

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41
Q

When attempting to predict your behaviour, who should you consult?

A

Your parent, your sibling, your roommate - anyone but yourself

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42
Q

Theorist Mark Leary describes self-esteem feelings as being like a fuel _____

A

gauge

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43
Q

Research suggests that people prefer to be part of a larger group in matters of _____ and this illustrates the ______ effect

A

opinion; false consensus

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44
Q

Evaluating an individual’s abilities and opinions by comparing self to another is identified as social _________

A

comparison

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45
Q

Giving priority to the goals of a group rather than individual goals is an example of _________

A

collectivism

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46
Q

The planning ______ describes the common error of underestimating how long it will take a person to complete an anticipated task

A

fallacy

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47
Q

Young adults in China being labelled “The Me Generation” are demonstrating a cultural change with the growth of _________

A

individualism

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48
Q

What is the nature of self-esteem in an individualistic culture?

A

Self-esteem is more personal and less relational

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49
Q

What is the nature of self-esteem in a collectivistic culture?

A

Self-esteem is less personal and more relational

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50
Q

What does impact bias predict will happen to your excitement when your local hockey team wins the league championship?

A

It will eventually evaporate

51
Q

The existence of differing implicit and explicit attitudes toward the same object reflects the fact that people have a(n) ______ attitude system

A

dual

52
Q

Cole sees himself as attractive, smart, and athletic. This indicates that Cole has what type of self-esteem?

A

High

53
Q

Maria is in grade 2 and feels she does well in spelling. When Maria takes a spelling test she gets an A most every time. This is an example of having a positive ______ perception

A

self

54
Q

Theorist Mark Leary describes self-esteem feelings as being like a fuel _____

A

gauge

55
Q

Giving priority to the goals of a group rather than individual goals is an example of:

A

collectivism

56
Q

Having an inflated sense of self is identified as:

A

narcissism

57
Q

Narcissists tend to respond to social transgressions with which of the following: a) Acceptance, b) Anger, c) Aggression, d) Retaliation

A

Anger, aggression, retaliation

58
Q

Who is the founding father of self-efficacy?

A

Albert Bandura

59
Q

Self ___ prompts us to set challenging goals and to persist til achievement

A

efficacy

60
Q

Dirk lost his wrestling match, and he blamed the loss on his opponent’s dirty techniques. What is Dirk demonstrating?

A

The self-serving bias

61
Q

How do we see ourselves when we use the self-serving bias?

A

More favourably

62
Q

In research comparing people in general, most people see themselves as being what?

A

Better than average

63
Q

Research suggests that people prefer to be part of a smaller group in matters of ____ and this illustrates the _____ effect

A

tase; false uniqueness

64
Q

Investors in the early 2000s believed that the housing market could never collapse because of what?

A

Unrealistic optimism

65
Q

Muriel has been diagnosed with narcissism. This diagnosis tells you Muriel has which of the following?

A) A strong compassion for others
B) A self-centred attitude
C) An inability to care for others
D) High self-esteem

A

A self-centred attitude, an inability to care for others, and high self-esteem

66
Q

Alcoholics Anonymous has a slogan that “if three people say you have a tail, you should take a look.” This constructive criticism is a method of using which of the following?

A

Defensive pessimism

67
Q

Alicia loves fruitcakes and believes that her friends will too, even though none of her friends are actually fond of fruit cake. Alicia is displaying the _______ ______ effect

A

false consensus

68
Q

When people consider their past selves, what do they tend to do?

A

They tend to devalue their past selves

69
Q

Studies have shown self-______ bias helps to improve and increase self-esteem

A

serving

70
Q

Protecting one’s self image with behaviours that create an excuse for later failure describes what?

A

Self-handicapping

71
Q

Protecting one’s self image with behaviours that create an excuse for later failure describes what?

A

Self-handicapping

72
Q

_______ ______ refers to our wanting to present a desired image to both others and ourselves

A

self-presentation

73
Q

Self-presentation theory predicts that a person will feel ________ when we are motivated to impress others but have self-doubts

A

anxious

74
Q

Chelsea studies for 3 hours for her first test and gets a 50 on it. Chelsea goes to tutoring and studies for 6 hours on the second test and gets a 40 on it. Chelsea feels like nothing she does is good enough and starts to give up. After failing her third and fourth test, Chelsea wonders why she should even try. Chelsea is demonstrating which of the following?

A

Learned helplessness

75
Q

Brennen has entered middle school and is trying to figure out “Who am I?” Brennen is demonstrating the identification of his self-_______

A

concept

76
Q

The concept of giving priority to individual goals rather than group goals is defined as:

A

individualism

77
Q

Children raised in what country would be more apt to express themselves through personal writings, choices, and purchases?

A

Canada

78
Q

When we overestimate future gains we are engaging in _______ ________

A

unrealistic optimism

79
Q

The planning _____ describes the common error of underestimating how long it will take a person to complete an anticipated task

A

fallacy

80
Q

In studies of predicting feelings, it appears that people have the greatest difficulty predicting which aspects of future emotions.

A) Consequences
B) Truth
C) Intensity
D) Duration

A

Intensity and duration

81
Q

An illusion of _______ occurs when an individual is very upset about something (yet doesn’t realize it) and believes that others can easily read their concealed feelings

A

transparency

82
Q

Mental templates about how we organize our worlds are called:

A

schemas or self-schemas

83
Q

Shania has entered middle school. She is making decisions on her own without consulting her parents. Shania is demonstrating:

A

individualism

84
Q

Children in North America being given unique names is a modern change in society and an example of a growing change in what?

A

Individualism

85
Q

Joe has been an athlete throughout his school years. Joe is entering university and has looked for peers with the same body build and athletic abilities. This behaviour is a result of Joe’s self-_____

A

schema

86
Q

According to the notion of dual attitudes, people possess both unconscious ______ attitudes and conscious _______ attitudes

A

implicit; explicit

87
Q

When Carol confronts her partner, they react with anger, aggression, and retaliation. It is very possible Carol’s partner has what?

A

Narcissism

88
Q

Kate is sure her children will all graduate from university, earn six-figure incomes, and live a happy life. Kate is demonstrating unrealistic ________.

A

optimism

89
Q

When we want to present a desired image to both an external and internal audience, what is occuring?

A

Impression management

90
Q

A sense of hopelessness that is learned when a person perceives no control over repeated bad events is an example of ________ _______

A

learned helplnessness

91
Q

What is the illusion of transparency?

A

The illusion that our concealed emotions leak out and can be easily read by others

92
Q

What is the spotlight effect?

A

The belief that others are paying more attention to our appearance than they really are

93
Q

Social surroundings affect our self _________

A

awarenesss

94
Q

Self-interest colours our _____ ________

A

social judgement

95
Q

Self-concern motivates our ______ _________

A

social behaviour

96
Q

Social relationships help define the ____

A

self

97
Q

What are self-schemas?

A

The beliefs about the self that organize and guide the processing of self-relevant information

98
Q

Schemas are mental templates by which we organize our _______

A

worlds

99
Q

Schemas powerfully affect how we _____, _______, and ______ other people and ourselves

A

perceive, remember, and evaluate

100
Q

What are social comparisons?

A

When you are evaluating your abilities and opinions by comparing yourself to others

101
Q

We use social comparisons as ________ by which we can ______ our performance and our beliefs

A

benchmarks; evaluate

102
Q

Who developed the looking-glass self?

A

Sociologist Charles H. Cooley (1902)

103
Q

What is the looking-glass self?

A

A concept that described how our use of how we think others perceive us as a mirror for perceiving ourselves

104
Q

What is individualism?

A

The concept of giving priority to one’s own goals over group and defining one’s identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group identification.

105
Q

What is meant by the term ‘independent self’

A

Construing one’s identity as an autonomous self, and as a unique individual with particular abilities, traits, values, and dreams

106
Q

What is collectivism?

A

The idea of giving priority to the goals of one’s groups and defining one’s identity accordingly

107
Q

What is meant by the term ‘interdependent self’

A

Construing one’s identity in relation to others

108
Q

What is the planning fallacy?

A

The tendency to underestimate how long it will take to complete a task

109
Q

The planning fallacy is one of the most common errors in _________ ________

A

behaviour prediction

110
Q

What is impact bias?

A

Overestimating the enduring impact of emotion-causing events

111
Q

What are dual attitudes?

A

Differing implicit (automatic) and explicit (consciously controlled) attitudes toward the same object

112
Q

What is self-esteem?

A

A person’s overall self-evaluation or sense of self-worth

113
Q

What is self-efficacy?

A

A sense that one is competent and effective, distinguished from self-esteem, which is one’s sense of self worth.

114
Q

In everyday life, self-efficacy leads us to set _________ ____ and to _____

A

challenging goals; persist

115
Q

What are self-serving attributions?

A

A form of self-serving bias; the tendency to attribute positive outcomes to yourself and negative outcomes to other factors

116
Q

What is explanatory style?

A

A person’s habitual way of explaining life events

117
Q

What is defensive pessimism?

A

The adaptive value of anticipating problems and harnessing one’s opinions and one’s undesirable or unsuccessful behaviours

118
Q

What is the false consensus effect?

A

The tendency to overestimate the commonality of one’s opinions and one’s undesirable or unsuccessful behaviours

119
Q

What is the false uniqueness effect?

A

The tendency to underestimate the commonality of one’s abilities and one’s desirable or successful behaviours

120
Q

What are temporal comparisons?

A

Comparisons between how the self is viewed now and how the self was viewed in the past or how the self is expected to be viewed in the future

121
Q

What is self-handicapping? (textbook definition)

A

Protecting one’s self image with behaviours that create a handy excuse for later failure

122
Q

What is self-presentation?

A

The act of expressing yourself and behaving in ways designed to create a favourable impression or an impression that corresponds to your ideals

123
Q

What is self-monitoring?

A

Being attuned to the way you present yourself in social situations and adjusting your performance to create the desired impression

124
Q

What is the self-presentation theory?

A

A theory positing that we are eager to present ourselves in ways that make a good impression

PSYC 2360 - Introduction to Social Psychology (5 decks)

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