Week 4: Chapter 11 Classifying Prokaryotes

Question 1

What are the 4 types of asexual reproduction in prokaryotes? Describe each one

Answer 1

1. Binary fission (divide into 2)
2. Snapping division (some Gram +ve bacteria build part of cell wall inside of cell and snaps off)
3. Budding (cell elongates to form bud and carries DNA, then bud breaks off)
4. Viviparity (live offspring emerge from inside other cell)

Question 2

What 2 factors determine bacterial arrangement?

Answer 2

Plane of division and separation of daughter cells

Question 3

How many planes of division do Tetrads have?

Answer 3

2

Question 4

How many planes of division do sarcinae and staphylococci have?

Answer 4

Both have 3

Question 5

What are the three domains?

Answer 5

1. Bacteria
2. Eukarya
3. Archaea

Question 6

Describe common features of archaea

Answer 6

-lack true peptidoglycan
-cell membrane lipids have branched hydrocarbon chains
-AUG codes for methionine (bacteria have different start codons)
-reproduce by binary fission, budding, fragmentation
-not known to cause disease

Question 7

Which shapes do archaea take on?

Answer 7

Cocci
Bacilli
Spirals
Pleomorphic

Question 8

What are the 2 phyla of archaea

Answer 8

1. Crenarcheota
2. Euryarchaeota

Question 9

List different groups of archaea

Answer 9

1. Thermophiles
2. Halophiles
3. Methanogens

Question 10

Temperatures of thermophiles versus hyperthermophiles. Why must they live at these temperatures?

Answer 10

Thermophiles = above 45°C
Hyperthermophiles = above 80°C

Nucleic acids, membranes, and proteins will not function below these temps

Question 11

Describe Halophiles

Answer 11

Depend on greater than 9% NaCl to maintain cell walls. May contain red or orange pigments, which may protect from sunlight

Question 12

Largest group of archaea?

Answer 12

Methanogens

Question 13

List the 5 groups of phototrophic bacteria

Answer 13

1. Blue-green (Cyanobacteria)
2. Purple sulfur
3. Purple no sulfur
4. Green sulfur
5. Green nonsulfur

Question 14

List the energy source, carbon source, reducing power, aerotolerance, chlorophyll, and if O2 is produced for BLUE-GREEN bacteria

Answer 14

Energy = sun
Carbon = CO2
Reducing power = H2O
Aero tolerance = aerobic
Chlorophyll A
O2 produced yes

Question 15

List energy source, carbon source, reducing power, aerotolerance, chlorophyll, and O2 produced y/n for Purple and Green Sulfur bacteria

Answer 15

Energy = sun
Carbon source = CO2
Reducing power = Sulfur
Aerotolerance = anaerobic
Chlorophyll = bacteriochlorophylls
O2 not produced

Question 16

List energy source, carbon source, reducing power, aerotolerance, chlorophyll, and O2 produced y/n for Purple and Green NON-sulfur bacteria

Answer 16

Energy = sun
Carbon source = organic compounds
Reducing power = organic compounds
Aerotolerance = anaerobic
Chlorophyll = bacteriochlorophylls
O2 not produced

Question 17

Give a few examples of low G+C content bacteria

Answer 17

Clostridia, bacillus, mycoplasmas, Listeria monocytogenes (psychrotolerant), lactobacillus, streptococcus, enterococcus, staphylococcus

Question 18

What percent G+C classifies a bacterium as low G+C?

Answer 18

Less than 50% G+C content

Question 19

List examples of high G+C bacteria

Answer 19

Bifidobacteria, Mycobacteria, Actinomycetes, Corynebacterium

Question 20

Why do Mycobacteria take so long to grow?

Answer 20

Because of tough over 60% mycolic acid cell walls

Question 21

List the 6 classes of Gram-negative proteobacteria

Answer 21

Alpha
Beta
Gamma
Delta
Epsilon
Zeta

Question 22

To which Gram-negative proteobacteria class do nitrogen fixers and phototrophs belong?

Answer 22

Alpha

Question 23

Which is the largest and most diverse class of Gram-negative proteobacteria?

Answer 23

Gamma

Question 24

Examples of Gram-negative gamma bacteria?

Answer 24

Purple sulfur and methane-oxidizing

Question 25

What bacteria class do Chlamydias and Bacteroides belong to?

Answer 25

Gram-negative