week 4: attachment Flashcards
What do you think are the most likely differences in attachment style cross culturally?
A: There will be different percentages of securely attached infants
B: The rates of different types of insecure attachment (e.g., avoidant
and ambivalent) will vary
C: There will be different broad categories (e.g. other than avoidant
and ambivalent) of insecure attachment
D: There won’t be clear attachment styles outside of the U.S.
B: The rates of different types of insecure attachment (e.g., avoidant
Infants’ behavior during the still face procedure shows that infants:
A. Do not care about their social partner’s facial expressions.
B. Expect social partners to engage contingently.
C. Have different expectations about agents based on their own attachment style.
D. Prefer to interact with their Mom compared to other agents.
B. Expect social partners to engage contingently.
Explanation: Yes- Infants get upset if their caregiver stops socially interacting with them.
In Harlow’s monkey studies, they found that infant monkeys run to the cloth mother rather than the wire mesh mother when they are afraid. What does this tell us about infant attachment?
A. Infant attachment is based on an association between the caretaker and pleasure.
B. Infant attachment is based on emotional needs and physical comfort.
C. Infant attachment is based on genetics and who the biological parents are.
D. Infant attachment is instinctive and based on survival.
B. Infant attachment is based on emotional needs and physical comfort.
Explanation: Yes-infants go the cloth mother even though she does not provide milk.
Lily's parents have very few rules around the house, are uninvolved, and ignore Lily's needs all the time. According to Diana Baumrind's patterns of parenting research, Lily's parents would be classified as: A. Disengaged B. Permissive C. Authoritarian D. Authoritative
A. Disengaged
They are low in warmth and rules.
Which of the following is true about attachment in infants who experienced extreme deprivation (such as those from the Romanian orphanages)?
A. All infants were able to form typical attachment styles by 8 months of age.
B. Infants who were adopted later formed typical attachment styles, but infants who were adopted early did not.
C. infants who were adopted early formed typical attachment styles, but infants who were adopted later did not.
D. All infants failed to form typical attachment styles.
C. infants who were adopted early formed typical attachment styles, but infants who were adopted later did not.
Explanation: Yes-as long as the adoption was by 8-months, attachment relationships look normal.
True or False:
Inborn preference for mother’s voice over other voices
True
True or False:
There is no evidence about early acquired preference for mother’s face over other faces
False, infants DO HAVE an early acquired preference
Explain the Still Face Paradigm
1) Mom stops interacting with infant socially
2) Instead, she is present, but with a neutral face
3) Experimenter measures infant response
4) Infant begins to cry and lash out due to lack of response/emotion
How does skin to skin contact assist infants?
- Skin to skin contact reduces pain in newborn infants
- skin to skin contact stabilizes heart rate and breathing in premature infants
How does an infant attempt to maintain proximity with caregiver?
- Bids for interaction (smiling, vocalizing)
- Distress calls when interaction is lacking (crying, screeching)
- Active proximity seeking (following mom, approaching)
What was Harlow’s stance on attachment relationships?
-Caretakers provide for offspring emotional needs and physical comfort
What was Harlow’s stance on attachment relationships?
-Caretakers provide for offspring emotional needs and physical comfort
What was Bowlby’s stance on attachment relationships?
-Evolutionary theories that attachment relationships are instinctive and promote survival
What were Harlow’s conclusion about infant monkeys/infants?
- The comfort figure is more than just pleasurable - it serves as a safe base for exploration and learning
- Harlow believed attachment to the cloth mother was analogous to “love” between infant and parent
- Attachment is not driven by meeting the need for food, or by associating the attachment figure with satiation
- Infants are driven to seek contact comfort
What was “Ainsworth’s Strange Situation”?
- A tool for evaluating attachment relationships
- Scripted & meant to create stress in a social setting
- Measure infants’ responses to the separation and to the parent’s return
Securely attached
The infant becomes distressed when mother leaves, but readily soothed when she returns
Insecurely attached-avoidant
The infants has little overt distress with mother leaves, and is likely to ignore the mother when she returns
Insecurely attached-ambivalent
The infant is distressed when the mother leaves, and it not easily soothed upon her return
What do you think are the most likely differences in attachment style cross culturally?
A. There will be different percentages of securely attached infants
B. The rates of different types of insecure attachment (e.g., avoidant and ambivalent) will vary
C. There will be different broad categories (e.g. other than avoidant and ambivalent) of insecure attachment
D. There won’t be clear attachment styles outside of the U.S.
B. The rates of different types of insecure attachment (e.g., avoidant and ambivalent) will vary
What about attachment cross culturally?
most infants are securely attached
Do attachment styles endure?
Attachment style is stable over time (9- to 18-months)
Is it possible for an infants’ attachment style to change?
YES, an infants’ attachment style can change when life circumstances change
Can infants fail to form an attachment style?
- Natural experiment: infants were adopted from these orphanages at different ages
- Infants who were not adopted by 8- months of age failed to form typical attachment styles
- In particular, they seek closeness with everyone, not just family
What is attachment theory?
- Parental warmth, responsiveness, consistency, and sensitivity contribute to secure attachment
- Secure attachment fosters more effective emotional and behavioral regulation
- Secure base allows child to explore
Behavioral Principles:
What is Operant Conditioning?
-learning through reinforcement (reward)
Behavioral Principles:
What is Differential Reinforcement?
- Ignore negative behavior
- Pay attention to positive behavior
What is the Social Learning Theory?
-People learn through observation, modelling, and imitation
What are the four Parenting styles?
1) Permissive
2) Authoritative
3) Uninvolved/disengaged
4) Authoritarian
Permissive Parenting Style
Affectionate, warm, and nurturing with few boundaries or rules. Lenient and allowing high degree of freedom
Authoritative Parenting Style
Equal parts nurturance and limits. Sets consistent boundaries while providing warmth, affection, and sensitivity to child’s needs
Uninvolved Parenting Style
Disengaged, unresponsive, or absent, providing little guidance, few boundaries, and minimal warmth.
Authoritarian Parenting Style
Strict and demanding with high expectations and minimal warmth or sensitivity
What does CDI focus on? (Child-Directed Interaction)
-CDI focuses on: Improving the parent-child relationship -Reinforcing positive behaviors -Ignoring minor misbehaviors -Promoting social and verbal development -Reduce parent's leading behaviors
What do Parent-Directed Interactions consist of?
- Effective commands
- Consistent follow-through
- Use of timeout
