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Neuroscience > Week 4 - Association Cortex > Flashcards

Week 4 - Association Cortex Flashcards

1
Q

what is an association cortex?

A

receive inputs from multiple areas and tie them together in a manner impossible for initial sensory areas
-generate more meaningful responses

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2
Q

how many major association cortices are there?

A

there are one for every modality

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3
Q

what do temporal association cortices sense?

A

visual forms, objects, textures
auditory prosody, syntax
polymodal/heteromodal - aud/vis/somat

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4
Q

what do the parietal association cortices sense?

A 
visuospatial awareness (attention)
visuomotor transformations (intention)
somesthesis
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5
Q

what do the frontal association cortices sense?

A

spatial, object working memory
planning
withholding responses

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6
Q

how many layers must a neocortical association area have?

A

at least 5 (most have 6)

-technically the motor cortex is not because it only has 4, along with paleocortex and archicortex

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7
Q

what are some places that the neocortex projects to?

A

other cortical areas in the same/opposite hemisphere, subcortical structures, and the thalamus

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8
Q

what is the who/what pathway associated with?

A

ventral stream (identify what things are)

  • infratemporal cortex (temporal lobe) –> object working memory (ventral prefrontal) –> GRASP
  • also goes from infratemporal cortex directly to GRASP
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9
Q

what is the where/when pathway associated with?

A

dorsal stream

-occipital lobe –> posterior parietal lobe –> spatial working memory –> REACH (move muscles to reach limb)

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10
Q

what does damage to the temporal association areas (ventral stream) do?

A

impairments in higher order perception of stimuli, but not necessarily simple elements
-impaired recognition

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11
Q

what is agnosia?

A

impaired object recognition

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12
Q

what is achromatopsia?

A

impaired color recognition (damage V4)

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13
Q

what is prosopagnosia?

A

impaired face recognition

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14
Q

what is alexia?

A

impaired work recognition

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15
Q

what is receptive aphasia?

A

impaired word interpretation

-AKA Wernicke’s aphasia (LH BA22)

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16
Q

what is expressive aphasia?

A

impaired word usage

-AKA Broca’s aphasia (LH BA44/45)

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17
Q

what is apraxia?

A

object utilization/tool use deficits

-improve with skill and practice

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18
Q

what is “blindsight” and how is it caused?

A

patient doesn’t know that they can see (can sense light stimulus, but can’t describe it)
-happens if more primary visual areas are damaged, but temporal association areas are spared

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19
Q

what is hemineglect and how is it caused?

A

inattention and impaired spatial accuracy

-from damage to parietal association areas (breakdown in dorsal stream)

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20
Q

what do prefrontal cells encode?

A

the location and time of meaningful stimuli that can be used in a response

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21
Q

what are the specific functions of prefrontal cortex:
9
46
47/12

A

9: planning and monitoring sequential actions/words
46: spatial working memory
47/12: verbal and object working memory

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22
Q

what is a unifying concept of the prefrontal cortex?

A

supports the most meaningful selection of behavior to achieve desirable outcomes and avoid undesirable ones
-does so thru integration of sensory info and pausing motor responses and monitoring of outcomes (“metacognition”)

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23
Q

what is metacognition?

A

unique to advanced mammals, where one can sense he is somewhere due to his actions

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24
Q

what does damage to the prefrontal cortex do?

A

effects depend on precise regions (area dependent)

  • can be emotional, cognitive, motor, oculomotor, verbal, or problems withholding improper responses
  • match up well with functional imaging data
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25
Q

how do communication disorders occur?

A

occur in isolation (specific language impairment) or co-exist with other neurological or neurodevelopmental dx

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26
Q

what is “speech”?

A

method of verbal language communication involving production and articulation of words

  • results from specific motor behaviors and requires precise neuromuscular coordination of respiration, phonation, resonance, and articulation systems
  • normal speech requires producing the sounds of speech and combinations of sounds, as well as voice quality, intonation, and rate
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27
Q

what are the 4 processes of speech?

A

respiration - breathing that provides power
phonation - production of sound by muscle contraction
articulation - formation of recognizable speech by the mouth
resonation - sound quality shaped by throat

28
Q

what are phonemes?

A

sounds of a language (24 consonant and 20 vowel sounds in American English)

29
Q

how is voice made?

A

by alternating flow of air from lungs across articulatory elements of nose/mouth
-vocal tract is a tube with flexible flaps above lungs and diaphragm muscles, creating air pressure when we breathe out

30
Q

what is “language”?

A

rule-based system of symbolic communication involving a set of small units (syllables/words) that can be combined to yield an infinite number of larger language forms (phrases/sentences)

  • conveyed thru modality, mostly oral/aural (speech/hearing)
  • incorporates processes of thinking, remembering (working and long-term memory), predicting, and monitoring
31
Q

what are the 5 dimensions of language?

A

phonology - rules determining how sounds can be sequenced
morphology - rules for meaning of sounds
syntax - rules for a language’s grammar
semantics - rules for meaning of words
pragmatics - rules for communication (prosody, gestures, intonation)

32
Q

what is “communication”?

A

process used to exchange info with others, and includes ability to produce and comprehend messages

  • includes transmission of all types of messages, including info related to needs, feelings, desires, perception, ideas, and knowledge
  • occurs thru variety of modalities, including linguistic and nonlinguistic
33
Q

how much information is transmitted non-verbally?

A

over 90%

34
Q

what is a key feature of autism and autism spectrum disorders?

A

difficulties in reading non-verbal communication signals

35
Q

what is prosody?

A

“melody” of a language; the pitch changes that convey emotion as well as linguistic information

36
Q

what unique feature does each language have?

A

their own emotional and linguistic intonations, along with distinctive prosody

37
Q

what connects Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas?

A

the arcuate fasciculus

38
Q

what are areas 44 and 45 involved in?

A

make up Broca’s area (in inferior frontal gyrus)

  • 44: posterior part of IFG; involved in phonological processing and language production
  • -facilitated by location near face representations in cortical motor areas (control of mouth/tongue)
  • 45: anterior part of IFG, involved in semantic language and verbal memory
39
Q

what is area 22?

A

Wernicke’s area (left temporal lobe on superior temporal gyrus, between primary auditory cortex and inferior parietal lobe)

40
Q

what are Wernicke’s area functions?

A

relate to representation of phonetic sequences, regardless of whether individual hears them, generates them him/herself, or recalls them from memory

  • responds to words (from individual or others)
  • recalls a list of words
  • produce speech
41
Q

what are areas 39 and 40?

A

both in inferior parietal lobule

39: angular gyrus - together with posterior cingulate, is highly involved in semantic processing (both left and right hemispheres)
40: supramarginal gyrus - involved in phonological and articulatory processing of words

both are multimodal association areas that get many inputs, enabling neurons to process phonological and semantic aspects of language to identify and categorize objects

42
Q

what are different regions of temporal lobe activated by?

A

different word categories

43
Q

what do homonyms and synonyms activate?

A

homo: left hemisphere posterior central sulcus and inferior frontal gyrus
syn: broader regions in inferior temporal and frontal lobes

44
Q

what did our vocal apparatus evolve from and what are its involved structures?

A

attuned to producing spoken language, having involved from non-linguistic vocal organs of ancestral species (mostly limbic related)
-these include non-cortical areas

45
Q

what are vowels and syllables made by?

A

mouth-opening, perioral, pharynx, and tongue muscles

-from Broca’s area –> motor cortex –> premotor interneurons (and motoneurons) –> motoneurons

46
Q

what is vocalization made by?

A

mouth opening, lower mouth, and tongue muscles from motoneurons innervated by caudal medullary lateral tegmental field
soft palate, pharynx, larynx, intercostal, and abdominal muscles from motoneurons innervated by nucleus retroambiguus
both CMLTF and NRA innervated by PAG from limbic system and prefrontal cortex

47
Q

what are some speech disorders?

A

articulation, fluency, and voice disorders

48
Q

what are some language disorders?

A
  • difficulty understanding language (receptive disorder)

- difficulty producing language (expressive disorder)

49
Q

what are characteristics of speech sound errors?

A

distortions, substitutions, omissions, additions

50
Q

what are characteristics of fluency disorders?

A

stuttering and cluttering

51
Q

what are characteristics of voice disorders?

A
  • phonation disorder causes voice to be breathy, hoarse, husky, or strained
  • resonance disorders are hypernasality or hyponasality
52
Q

what are the differences between Broca’s and Wernicke’s in terms of

  • speech
  • repeating phrases
  • syntax
  • grammar
  • structure of words
  • comprehension?
A
  • halting speech; fluent speech
  • repeat phrases/words (preservation); little spontaneous repitition
  • disordered syntax; syntax adequate
  • disordered grammar; grammar adequate
  • disordered structure of individual words; contrived or inappropriate words
  • comprehension intact; comprehension not intact
53
Q

what is global aphasia?

A

having both expressing and receptive aphasia

  • extensive damage to frontal, temporal, and parietal cortex
  • total loss of ability to understand, speak, read, or write
  • pronounce few words, no syntax; at best, have automatic form of expressive language (especially emotional exclamations)
  • may have control over facial expressions, hand gestures, and vocal intonations
  • poor prognosis
54
Q

what is conduction aphasia?

A

language comprehension and spontaneous oral expression are normal, but cannot repeat words/phrases

  • mix up sounds in words, make numerous transformations and omissions of words
  • from dysfunction in auditory cortex, insula, and supramarginal gyrus
55
Q

what is anomic aphasia?

A

oral expression and syntactic structure remains intact, with difficulty in finding certain words

  • caused by parietal lobe damage limited to angular gyrus or area just above it
  • compensate by using vague words (what’s it, thingy) or definitions (that thing on your wrist that tells the time)
56
Q

what is anarthria?

A

malfunction in system that controls motor aspects of speech, preventing individuals from articulating word they would convey in thoughts
-often results in progressive aphasia

57
Q

what is alexia caused by?

A

damage to inferior part of left occipital and temporal lobes

-cannot read, but still can write

58
Q

what is the difference between dyslexia and alexia?

A

dyslexia is developmental, alexia is acquired

-dyslexia discovered around 5-7 yo, commonly in boys and left-handers

59
Q

what are etiologies of communication disorders?

A

trauma, vascular disturbance, tumor/infection, environment, neurodegeneration, genetic, or idiopathic

60
Q

what does right hemisphere damage cause?

A

deficits involving interpretation of context (direct and indirect context disorders)

61
Q

what are indirect context disorders and some examples?

A

difficulties interacting with your environment

  • hemineglect: inattention to stimuli on left side of body
  • anosognosia: unawareness of such deficits
62
Q

what are direct context disorders and examples?

A

affect communication and cognition directly

  • referred to as pragmatic communication disorders, subdivided into:
  • -prosody (aprosodia)
  • -discource organization
  • -comprehension of non-literal language
63
Q

what is the WADA test?

A

paralyze 1 hemisphere reversibly, to see if it is the dominant side (will lose language loss)

64
Q

what is velocardiofacial syndrome caused by?

A

loss of 1 copy of 22q11.21, in 1:3000 births, causes 150+ different traits
-95% are first proband, but hemizygosity segregates as AD

65
Q

what are common VCFS traits?

A
  • alteration of facial appearance (elongated face, almond-shaped eyes, small ears)
  • cleft palate, usually of soft palate
  • speech problems due to incomplete development of articulatory structures
  • feeding problems (food coming out of nose)
  • heart problems (esp. Tetralogy of Fallot)
  • learning/language deficits
  • middle ear infections (otitis media)
  • hypoparathyroidism (leads to seizures)
  • immune system problems
  • 1/3 of VCFS children meet criteria for autism and schizophrenia
66
Q

what is autism?

A

social impairments, communication difficulties, and restricted, repetitive, sterotyped patterns of behavior

  • varies in character and severity, but occurs in all ethnic and SES groups, affecting every age group
  • impaired social interaction and communication
  • most are de novo genetic cause, but 90% idiopathic

Neuroscience (39 decks)

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