Week 4 - Anatomic and physiology aspects of airways

Question 1

What are the conducting airways?

Answer 1

The trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles down to the level of terminal bronchioles

Question 2

What is the role of the conducting airways?

Answer 2

transport gas and protect the distal lung from inhaled contaminates

Question 3

Beyond the terminal bronchioles are the ______ bronchioles

Answer 3

respiratory

Question 4

The respiratory zone is where ____________ ___________ takes place

Answer 4

Gas exchange

Question 5

The respiratory zone consists of what components or organs?

Answer 5

Respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli

Question 6

What are the three layers of tissue that compose the lung

Answer 6

Mucosa, submucosa, and beneath all of that a fibrocartilaginous layer

Question 7

The surface layer (mucosa) consists predominantly of what kind of cells?

Answer 7

Pseudostratified columnar epithelial cells

Question 8

What are in charge of propelling particles away from the lower lobes in the lungs?

Answer 8

the cilia

Question 9

What’s an important cell type found in epithelium of the lung that is important for production of neuroendocrine products?

Answer 9

Pulmonary neuroendocrine cell

Question 10

What is another name of the pulmonary neuroendocrine cell?

Answer 10

Kulchitsky cell

Question 11

What amine hormones do kulchitsky cells produce?

Answer 11

Serotonin, dopamine, norepinephrine and polypeptide products

Question 12

What is the primary mucin produced by mucous glands?

Answer 12

MUC5B

Question 13

What are the two main components of the submucosal layer?

Answer 13

mucous glands and bronchial smooth muscle

Question 14

What are bronchial secretions produced by?

Answer 14

Submucosal glands and goblet cells in the mucosa

Question 15

Which nervous system provides the primary bronchoconstrictor tone to the airways?

Answer 15

the PNS

Question 16

What nerve is in control by the PNS that controls the bronchoconstriction?
- What’s it also known as?

Answer 16

Vagus nerve, cranial nerve X
- Also known as the pneumogastric nerve

Question 17

What neurotransmitter released causes stimulation of the smooth muscle and goblet cells that release mucous?

Answer 17

Acetylcholine

Question 18

There is sparce if any _______ receptors in the airways

Answer 18

Adrenergic

Question 19

What adrenergic receptors are located in the lungs?
-What system controls these?

Answer 19

Beta 2 receptors
- Sympathetic nervous system

Question 20

What are B2 receptors stimulated by?

Answer 20

Catecholamines

Question 21

What happens when B2 receptors are stimulated?

Answer 21

Adenylate cyclase is activated, increasing intracellular concentration of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and causes relaxation of bronchial smooth muscle

Question 22

Stimulation of less numerous _____ receptors cause bronchoconstriction

Answer 22

alpha receptors

Question 23

What’s the third system that causes bronchodilation in the respiratory system?

Answer 23

Nonadrenergic, noncholinergic inhibitory system

Question 24

What important neurotransmitters are important for these nerves that cause bronchodilation?

Answer 24

Nitric oxide and vasoactive intestinal peptide

Question 25

Tachykinins include what components?

Answer 25

Substance P and neurokinin A

Question 26

What happens with tachykinin release?

Answer 26

Bronchoconstriction, increased submucosal gland secretions, and increased vascular permeability

Question 27

The major site of resistance is at the level of _______ sized bronchi

Answer 27

Medium

Question 28

With Large, medium, and small sized airways, which provide the greatest resistance?

Answer 28

Large and medium-sized airways

Question 29

When lung parenchyma is destroyed, like in emphysema, what can occur during a force expiration?

Answer 29

the airways are more likely to collapse