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Y2 Immunological Disorders > Week 4 > Flashcards

Week 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the main roles of T cells ?

A

Find and kill infected cells
Activate other immune cells
Cytokine production
Co-ordinate and regulate the immune response

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2
Q

What are the 4 stages of T cell response?

A

1) Detect the presence of an infected cell.
2) Pass the external signal across the cell membrane.
3) Activate the relevant biochemical pathway.
4) Produce the cellular response.

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3
Q

What type of antigens are used in the MHC class I antigen presentation pathway?

A

Endogenous

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4
Q

What type of antigens are used in the MHC class II antigen presentation pathway?

A

Exogenous

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5
Q

What type of T cells and MHC are used against endogenous antigens.

A

MHC class I with CD8+ T cells

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6
Q

What type of T cells and MHC are used against exogenous antigens.

A

MHC class II with CD4+ T cells

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7
Q

What type of T cells are CD8+ T cells?

A

Cytotoxic

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8
Q

What type of T cells are CD4+ T cells?

A

Helper T cells

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9
Q

How many subunits does the T-cell proper structure have?

A

4

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10
Q

How does the differential structure on alpha and beta chains alter antigen binding?

A

It does not significantly change antigen binding.

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11
Q

When and how does the ITAM receptor on a T cell receptor change?

A

The structure has a conformational change when an antigen becomes bound to the T cell.

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12
Q

What happens when the ITAM receptor on a T cell receptor is activated?

A

The ITAM will start phosphorylating other proteins.

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13
Q

What type of receptors do all T cells have?

A

CD3

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14
Q

How are T cell receptors degenerative?

A

Many T cell variants recognise the same antigen.

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15
Q

What process allows signals to be transduced cross the T cell membrane from the T cell receptor?

A

Dimerisation

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16
Q

What do T cells initially use to bind to APC cells?

A

Low affinity LFA-1 and CAM-1 interactions.

17
Q

How do T cells begin to have stronger binding with antigen presenting cells?

A

Binding of T cell receptors signals LFA-1. Conformational changes in LFA-1 increase the affinity and prolong cell-cell contact.

18
Q

What is ICAM-1 recognised by?

A

LFA-1 protein on T cells.

19
Q

Why do T cells use 2 different receptor types to bind to antigen presenting cells?

A

This allows binding for a longer amount of time and gives T cells longer to do their jobs and transduce the signal.

20
Q

What are the purpose of CD28 T cell receptors?

A

Expressed to recognise if the antigen derives from the innate immune response.

21
Q

What are the purpose of CD80 T cell receptors?

A

They bind to CD28and further strengthen the response and stabilise the cellular interactions.

22
Q

What are the purpose of Ox40L T cell receptors?

A

They connect to ligands and stabilise the connection and also increase the length of cellular interactions.

23
Q

In resting T cells, are ITAMS phosphorylated or not?

A

No

24
Q

What causes ITAMS on T cells to become phosphorylated?

A

Binding of ligands

25
Q

What happens to ITAMS on T cells once a ligand binds?

A

Binding of the ligands causes phosphorylation of ITAMS when the co-receptor binds to the MHC ligand.

26
Q

How does phosphorylation of a molecule cause activation?

A

Causes the molecule to become more negatively charged. This may change the shape of the protein and may lead to its activation or inactivation.

27
Q

What atoms carry the largest quantity of negative free energy?

A

Phosphorus

28
Q

Why are phosphorus atoms used so frequently in cell signalling and activation?

A

They carry a high amount of negative free energy.

29
Q

What is ‘different’ about ZAAP protein?

A

It is not static and can move across the cytoplasm and interact with LAT complexes.

30
Q

What is the benefit of ZAAP in terms of T cells and how does it cause this?

A

ZAAP can phosphorylate ADAP which then activates a series of proteins and results in intern interactions. This aids cell adhesion.

31
Q

What changes in T cells can be caused by NAFT phosphorylation?

A

Activation of transcription mechanisms and alteration of gene expression.

32
Q

Why are drugs used to inhibit NAFT?

A

This gives transplants greater success as the T cells will not attack the transplant

33
Q

How does length of time that cells are bound change the outcome of a response?

A

Can change gene expression and differentiation of T cells from naive T cells.

34
Q

What is the purpose of transduction in T cells?

A

To amplify the response

35
Q

Why is IL-2 important in terms of T cell responses?

A

It can feedback on T cells and cause them to proliferate.

Y2 Immunological Disorders (9 decks)

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