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Physical agents > Week 4 > Flashcards

Week 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the causes of edema?

A
  • Imbalance between hydrostatic and osmotic pressure inside and outside vessels
  • Venous obstruction, immobility, pregnancy, bad valves
  • Increased capillary permeability
  • Systemic diseases – DO NOT treat w/compression
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2
Q

The longer a wavelength, the ____ it penetrates

A

The deeper it penetrates

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3
Q

What is power?

A

The rate of energy flow, mW

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4
Q

What are the effects of lasers and light?

A
  • Promote ATP production by mitochondria
  • Promote collagen production by fibroblasts
  • Modulate inflammation
  • Inhibit bacterial growth
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5
Q

What are the clinical indications for laser and light?

A
  • Soft tissue and bone healing
  • Arthritis
  • Lymphedema
  • Neurological conditions
  • Pain management
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6
Q

What are the contraindications of laser and light?

A
  • Direct radiation of eyes; patients and clinicians should wear provided goggles
  • Malignancy
  • Within 4-6 months after radiotherapy
  • Hemorrhage
  • Thyroid or other endocrine glands
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7
Q

What are the precautions of laser and light?

A
  • Low back or abdomen during pregnancy
  • Epiphyseal plates in children
  • Impaired sensation
  • Impaired mentation
  • Photophobia/light sensitivity
  • Pretreatment with photosensitizer
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8
Q

What are the adverse effects of laser and light?

A
  • Exposure of eyes to laser can cause retinal damage
  • Transient tingling
  • Mild erythema
  • Rash
  • Burning sensation
  • Increased pain/numbness
  • Burns from war diode
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9
Q

What are some other options for superficial heat?

A
  • IR lamp

- Fluidotherapy

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10
Q

____ is an electromagnetic radiation within range that gives rise to heat when absorbed

A

IR lamp

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11
Q

IR lamp needs to be imparted as close to ____ to skin surface as possible

A

IR lamp needs to be imparted as close to perpendicular to skin surface as possible

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12
Q

In an IR lamp, the intensity of radiation reaching target changes in proportion to ____

A

The inverse square of the distance

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13
Q

___ is a dry heating agent that transfers heat via convection, and allows patients to perform AROM while being heated at the same time

A

Fluidotherapy

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14
Q

What is the temperature range for fluidotherapy?

A

110-120

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15
Q

____ provides sensory stimulation in addition for the benefits of heat

A

Fluidotherapy

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16
Q

What is iontophoresis?

A

The transcutaneous delivery of ions into the body using low amplitude direct current to insure unidirectional flow of the ions

17
Q

How are ions created in iontophoresis?

A

Ions are created by dissolving an intended drug or chemical compound that must be ionized, stable in condition, not altered by electrical current and small or moderate in size

18
Q

The tissue treated by iontophoresis should be ___

A

Should be relatively small, superficial and localized

19
Q

What is the purpose of iontophoresis?

A

Alternative to phonophoresis, oral, and injection methods of drug delivery

20
Q

How is the current density of iontophoresis calculated?

A

Current amplitude/ surface area of delivery electrode

21
Q

What is the maximum current density when the delivery electrode is negative?

A

Less than or equal to 0.5

22
Q

What is the maximum current density when the delivery electrode is positive?

A

Less than or equal to 1

23
Q

How is the dose calculated for iontophoresis?

A

Intensity x time

24
Q

What is the typical range of dosage of iontophoresis?

A

40-80 mA min

25
Q

When should the 40 mA min and 80 mA min be used?

A

Begin with 40 mA min on first treatment, increase towards 80 mA min as quickly as tolerated over future sessions for increased therapeutic affect

26
Q

What is the max current amplitude of most machines?

A

4.0 mA

27
Q

The duration of treatment of iontophoresis depends on…?

A

The current amplitude and dosage

28
Q

What is the treatment time range to keep a dupel (blue) machine and why?

A

Treatment times should be less than 30 minutes.

This is because as the duration of the treatment increases, skin resistance decreases and therefore risk of burns increases

29
Q

A cathode (-) will repel ___ ions

A

Negative ions

30
Q

An anode (+) will repel ___ ions

A

Positive ions

31
Q

The ____ electrode depends on the polarity of ion to be delivered

A

The active electrode depends on the polarity of ion to be delivered

32
Q

The ____electrode is the one that has the medication and is placed over the treatment area

A

The delivery electrode is the one that has the medication and is placed over the treatment area

33
Q

The ____ electrode is placed over a remote location

A

The dispersive (larger) electrode is placed over a remote location

34
Q

What are the factors affecting the efficacy of treatment for iontophoresis?

A
  • Skin integrity
  • Polarity of treatment electrode and drug ion. need to use lower currents with (-) ions
  • pH of drug solution
  • Concentration of drug in solution – Relatively low concentrations seem to be most successful
  • Presence of competing ions in the solution - Application of other treatments prior to or after – ie. heat or ultrasound
  • Parameter settings
35
Q

What are the precautions of iontophoresis?

A
  • Cardiac disease
  • Malignant tumors
  • Skin irritation or open wounds
  • Lack of sensation in area to be treated
36
Q

What are the contraindications of iontophoresis?

A
  • Patient being allergic to drug or chemical being used
  • Active bleeding in area to be treated
  • Metallic implants in immediate vicinity of area to be treated
  • Any condition where electric stimulation is contraindicated
37
Q

What is the polarity, indication, and concentration of acetate?

A
  • Negative polarity
  • Indication is a calcium deposit and scar tissue
  • Concentration is 2.5-5
38
Q

What is the polarity, indication, and concentration of dexamethasone?

A
  • Negative polarity
  • Indication is inflammation
  • Concentration is 0.4
39
Q

What is the polarity, indication, and concentration of lidocaine?

A
  • Positive polarity
  • Indication is a local anesthetic
  • Concentration is 5

Physical agents (7 decks)

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