Week 4 Flashcards
What are the causes of edema?
- Imbalance between hydrostatic and osmotic pressure inside and outside vessels
- Venous obstruction, immobility, pregnancy, bad valves
- Increased capillary permeability
- Systemic diseases – DO NOT treat w/compression
The longer a wavelength, the ____ it penetrates
The deeper it penetrates
What is power?
The rate of energy flow, mW
What are the effects of lasers and light?
- Promote ATP production by mitochondria
- Promote collagen production by fibroblasts
- Modulate inflammation
- Inhibit bacterial growth
What are the clinical indications for laser and light?
- Soft tissue and bone healing
- Arthritis
- Lymphedema
- Neurological conditions
- Pain management
What are the contraindications of laser and light?
- Direct radiation of eyes; patients and clinicians should wear provided goggles
- Malignancy
- Within 4-6 months after radiotherapy
- Hemorrhage
- Thyroid or other endocrine glands
What are the precautions of laser and light?
- Low back or abdomen during pregnancy
- Epiphyseal plates in children
- Impaired sensation
- Impaired mentation
- Photophobia/light sensitivity
- Pretreatment with photosensitizer
What are the adverse effects of laser and light?
- Exposure of eyes to laser can cause retinal damage
- Transient tingling
- Mild erythema
- Rash
- Burning sensation
- Increased pain/numbness
- Burns from war diode
What are some other options for superficial heat?
- IR lamp
- Fluidotherapy
____ is an electromagnetic radiation within range that gives rise to heat when absorbed
IR lamp
IR lamp needs to be imparted as close to ____ to skin surface as possible
IR lamp needs to be imparted as close to perpendicular to skin surface as possible
In an IR lamp, the intensity of radiation reaching target changes in proportion to ____
The inverse square of the distance
___ is a dry heating agent that transfers heat via convection, and allows patients to perform AROM while being heated at the same time
Fluidotherapy
What is the temperature range for fluidotherapy?
110-120
____ provides sensory stimulation in addition for the benefits of heat
Fluidotherapy
What is iontophoresis?
The transcutaneous delivery of ions into the body using low amplitude direct current to insure unidirectional flow of the ions
How are ions created in iontophoresis?
Ions are created by dissolving an intended drug or chemical compound that must be ionized, stable in condition, not altered by electrical current and small or moderate in size
The tissue treated by iontophoresis should be ___
Should be relatively small, superficial and localized
What is the purpose of iontophoresis?
Alternative to phonophoresis, oral, and injection methods of drug delivery
How is the current density of iontophoresis calculated?
Current amplitude/ surface area of delivery electrode
What is the maximum current density when the delivery electrode is negative?
Less than or equal to 0.5
What is the maximum current density when the delivery electrode is positive?
Less than or equal to 1
How is the dose calculated for iontophoresis?
Intensity x time
What is the typical range of dosage of iontophoresis?
40-80 mA min
When should the 40 mA min and 80 mA min be used?
Begin with 40 mA min on first treatment, increase towards 80 mA min as quickly as tolerated over future sessions for increased therapeutic affect
What is the max current amplitude of most machines?
4.0 mA
The duration of treatment of iontophoresis depends on…?
The current amplitude and dosage
What is the treatment time range to keep a dupel (blue) machine and why?
Treatment times should be less than 30 minutes.
This is because as the duration of the treatment increases, skin resistance decreases and therefore risk of burns increases
A cathode (-) will repel ___ ions
Negative ions
An anode (+) will repel ___ ions
Positive ions
The ____ electrode depends on the polarity of ion to be delivered
The active electrode depends on the polarity of ion to be delivered
The ____electrode is the one that has the medication and is placed over the treatment area
The delivery electrode is the one that has the medication and is placed over the treatment area
The ____ electrode is placed over a remote location
The dispersive (larger) electrode is placed over a remote location
What are the factors affecting the efficacy of treatment for iontophoresis?
- Skin integrity
- Polarity of treatment electrode and drug ion. need to use lower currents with (-) ions
- pH of drug solution
- Concentration of drug in solution – Relatively low concentrations seem to be most successful
- Presence of competing ions in the solution - Application of other treatments prior to or after – ie. heat or ultrasound
- Parameter settings
What are the precautions of iontophoresis?
- Cardiac disease
- Malignant tumors
- Skin irritation or open wounds
- Lack of sensation in area to be treated
What are the contraindications of iontophoresis?
- Patient being allergic to drug or chemical being used
- Active bleeding in area to be treated
- Metallic implants in immediate vicinity of area to be treated
- Any condition where electric stimulation is contraindicated
What is the polarity, indication, and concentration of acetate?
- Negative polarity
- Indication is a calcium deposit and scar tissue
- Concentration is 2.5-5
What is the polarity, indication, and concentration of dexamethasone?
- Negative polarity
- Indication is inflammation
- Concentration is 0.4
What is the polarity, indication, and concentration of lidocaine?
- Positive polarity
- Indication is a local anesthetic
- Concentration is 5
