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head neck and neuro > week 4 > Flashcards

week 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Describe declarative memory

A

factual information
life events
available to consciousness
easily formed / forgotten

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2
Q

Describe non-declarative memory

A

procedural memory
motor skills
not available to conciousness
less easily formed / forgotten

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3
Q

Describe ballistic movements

A

based largely on pre-programmed instructions
rapid but at the expense of accuracy
little opportunity for compensation for unexpected changes

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4
Q

Describe pursuit of visual feedback movements

A

motor command continually updated to sensory feedback

highly accurate but slow

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5
Q

What are the main non cortical brain structures involved in the control of movement?

A

the basal ganglia

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6
Q

What is the main input to the basal ganglia?

A

the prefrontal cortex - intended movement

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7
Q

What is the main output of the basal ganglia?

A

pre-motor area (via thalamus)

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8
Q

What are the functions of the basal ganglia?

A

initiation of movement

planning if complex voluntary movement

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9
Q

What is the function of the cerebellum in the control of movement?

A

co-ordination and smooth execution of movements

error detection in motor learning

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10
Q

What can be the result of cerebellar damage?

A

cerebellar ataxia - poor coordination

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11
Q

Describe the lateral pathways

A

pyramidal neurons in M1 project to the spinal cord (corticospinal tract) and red nucleus (rubrospinal tract)
control of voluntary movement of distal muscles - fine control of the hand

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12
Q

Describe the ventromedial pathways

A

control of axial muscles (posture)

descending systems synapse on motor neurons or interneurons in the spinal cord

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13
Q

What drives the activity of stepping?

A

intrinsic circuits in the spinal cord can produce rhythmic motor neuron activity which drives stepping.
Alternative activity of flexor and extensor muscles coordinated across the two limbs

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14
Q

Describe a possible mechanism for the rhythmic activity in an interneuron

A 
the membrane depolarises ue to continuous input (descending systems)
Na+ and Ca2+ flow into the cells 
Ca2+ activates K+ channels 
K+ flows out of the cell
The membrane hyper polarises 
Ca2+ stops flowing into the cell
Potassium channels close
The membrane depolarises and the cycle repeats
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15
Q

WHat is the most important mechanism for the strength of muscle contraction?

A

the recruitment of motor units

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16
Q

What is the equation of cerebral perfusion pressure?

A

CCP = MAP - ICP

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17
Q

What are the signs of increasing ICP?

A

decreasing GCS
diminishing pupil response to light
lateralising signs

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18
Q

What is meant by a battle sign?

A

bruising over the mastoid process

bruising over middle cranial fossa

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19
Q

What is the pterion?

A

junction of frontal, parietal and temporal bones
translucent to light
injury here is very vulnerable to fractures
middle meningeal artery is below this

20
Q

Describe an uncal herniation

A

first part to herniate through th tentorium cerebellum and may compress occulomotor parasympathetic fibres which innervate the pupil - leads to fixed dilated pupil

21
Q

What is attention?

A

a global cognitive process encompassing multiple sensory modalities, operating across sensory domains

22
Q

What is meant by arousal?

A

a general state of wakefulness and responsivity

23
Q

What is meant by vigilance?

A

capacity to maintain attention over prolonged periods of time

24
Q

What is divided attention?

A

ability to respond to more than one task at once

25
Q

What is selective attention?

A

ability to focus on one stimulus while suppressing competing stimuli

26
Q

What is the result of impaired arousal?

A

drowsiness

27
Q

What is the result of impaired vigilance?

A

impersistance

28
Q

What is the result of impaired divided and selective attention?

A

distractible

29
Q

What areas of the brain are involved in attention?

A

prefrontal cortex
parietal corteex
limbic cortex
ascending reticular activating systems

30
Q

What is the result of damage to the prefrontal cortex, limbic cortex or parietal cortex?

A

inattention, neglect

31
Q

What is the result to damage of the ARAS?

A

drowsiness, delirium or coma

32
Q

What are the components of the limbic system?

A 
cingulate gyrus
hippocampus
amygdala
orbital and prefrontal cortex
mamillary bodies
33
Q

WHat are the components of the ARAS?

A

brainstem nucleus
thalamic nuclei
cortex

34
Q

Describe working memory

A

immediate recall of small amounts of verbal and spacial information
visual = non-dominant parieto-occipitaq lobe
Phonological = dominant perisylvian areas

35
Q

What are the two types of long term memory?

A

explicit (declarative)

implicit (procedural)

36
Q

WHat are the two types of explicit memory?

A

episodic and semantic

37
Q

What at the the two types of implicit memory?

A

motor skills and classical conditioning

38
Q

Describe episodic memory

A

personally experiences, temporarily specific episodes / events

39
Q

Describe the anatomy of episodic memory

A

extended limbic system (circuit of paper)
medial temporal lobe, particularly hippocampus and entorhinal cortex
diencephalon - maxillary bodies and thalamic nuclei
Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

40
Q

Describe somantic memory

A

factual information and vocabulary

independent of context, time and personal relevance

41
Q

Describe the anatomy of semantic memory

A

not depedent on the limbic system
left anterior temporal lone is key integrative region
anterior temporal cortex and and angular gyrus integrate incoming information

42
Q

Describe the anatomy of implicit memory

A

networks involving the basal ganglia and cerebellum

43
Q

How much of the external acoustic meatus is cartilage?

A

the outer 1/3

44
Q

WHat glands produce earwax?

A

ceraminous glands

45
Q

Describe the histology of the tympanic cavity

A

presudostratified columnar epithelium - respiratory epithelium
cilia to waft mucous
goblet cells to produce mucous

46
Q

WHat muscles protect the ear from loud noises?

A

tensor tympani and stapedius

47
Q

What nerve innervates the muscles that protect the ossicles?

A

CN VII

head neck and neuro (6 decks)

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