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head neck and neuro > Week 2 > Flashcards

Week 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Describe nociceptive pain

A 
normal pain
only elected when intense/noxious stimuli threaten to damage tissue
adaptive/ biologically useful
high threshold
limited duration
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2
Q

Describe chronic pain

A

sustained sensory abnormality / ongoing peripheral pathology
maladaptive pain
either evoked or spontaneous
Ab AD or C fibres

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3
Q

What is allodynia?

A

pain elicited by a normally innocuous sensation

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4
Q

What are Meissner’s corpuscles used in?

A

light touch

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5
Q

what are merkel disks used in?

A

mechanical deflection

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6
Q

What are hair follicles afferents used in?

A

gentle brushing

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7
Q

What are pacinian corpuscles used in

A

gross pressure changes

vibration

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8
Q

What are ruffini endings used in?

A

stretching of skin (slippage)

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9
Q

What are the three aspects of the triple response?

A

red reaction
wheal
flare

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10
Q

What chemicals activate nociceptors?

A

K+
prostaglandins
bradykinin
5-HT

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11
Q

What are released from nociceptors that cause positive feedback?

A

CGRP and substance P

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12
Q

What does CGRP do?

A

dilates blood vessels

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13
Q

What does substance P do?

A

plasma extravasation
oedema
release of bradykinin

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14
Q

What pathway is used for discriminative tactile sensation?

A

dorsal column (medial lemnical)

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15
Q

What pathway is involved in pain?

A

spinothalamic

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16
Q

when do the eyes begin to appear?

A

day 22

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17
Q

how do the eyes appear?

A

a pair of shallow grooves

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18
Q

What do the grooves from?

A

outgrowths from the diencephalon of the forebrain called the optic vesicle

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19
Q

what do the optic vesicles do?

A

they are in contact with surface ectoderm and induce changes necessary for lens formation

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20
Q

What happens to the placodes?

A

they become columnar and invagination
“double walled” cup
optic stalk forms

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21
Q

describe the blood supply to the developing eye

A

grooves arise on the ventral surface of the optic cup forming the choroidal fissure
a branch of the ophthalmic artery - the hyaloid artery - passes along the choroidal fissure to supply the lens and developing retina

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22
Q

what is the lens of the eye derived from?

A

surface ectoderm

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23
Q

what is special about fibres of the lens?

A

they contain no organelles or neclei

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24
Q

Describe the structure of the optic cup

A

bilaminar structure
outer layer forms the pigmented later of the retina
inner later forms the nervous layer of the retina

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25
Q

WHat give rise to the iris and the ciliary body?

A

the rim of the optic cup

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26
Q

what does the ciliary produce?

A

the aqueous humour

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27
Q

what is in the centre of the optic nerve

A

central artery and veins of the retina

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28
Q

what does the mesenchyme around the optic cup condense into?

A

layers of the eyeball

the choroid and the sclera

29
Q

what develops between the cornea and the lens?

A

the anterior chamber of the eye

30
Q

where is gelatinous substance found in the eye?

A

the gap between the lens and the retina

31
Q

what is the posterior chamber of the eye also called?

A

the vitreous body

32
Q

When do the eyelids reopen?

A

between the 5th and 7th month in utero

33
Q

WHat is the key regulatory molecule in eye development?

A

PAX6

34
Q

where is PAX6 expressed?

A

the anterior neural plate before neurulation begins

35
Q

What molecule is involved in eye field separation?

A

SHH

36
Q

What is microphtalmia?

A

eyeball is too small

37
Q

What is anophtalmia?

A

absence of the eye

38
Q

WHat is cyclopia?

A

one eye

39
Q

What is the function of the blood brain barrier?

A

maintain constant environment
protect brain from foreign substances
protect brain from peripheral transmitters

40
Q

What drugs can be used to transiently disrupt the BBB?

A

manitol

41
Q

What type of drug is L-DOPA?

A

pro molecule

42
Q

give an example of an inhaled anaesthetic

A

desflurane

43
Q

give an example of an injected anaesthetic

A

propofol

44
Q

what is the definition of anxiolytics and sedatives?

A

drugs that cause sleep and reduce anxiety

45
Q

what is the definition of antipsychotic drugs?

A

drugs that are effective in receiving symptoms of schizophrenic illness

46
Q

what is the definition of antidepressant drugs?

A

drugs that alleviate the symptoms of depressive illness

47
Q

What are affective disorders?

A

disorders of mood rather than though or cognition

48
Q

What is the definition of analgesic drugs?

A

drugs used clinically for controlling

49
Q

what is the definition of a psychomotor stimulant?

A

drugs that cause wakefulness and euphoria

50
Q

WHat is the definition of psychotomimetic drugs?

A

drugs that cause disturbance of perception and of behaviour that can be simply characterised as sedative or stimulant

51
Q

What is the definition of cognition enhancers?

A

drugs that improve memory and cognitive performance

52
Q

WHat pathway is involved in parkinson’s disease?

A

nirgostriatal

53
Q

what pathway is involved in schizophrenia?

A

mesolithic / cortical

54
Q

WHat are the symptoms of parkinsons disease?

A

tremor, hypokinesia and rigidity

55
Q

What are the positive symptoms of schizophrenia?

A

delusions
hallucinations
thought disorders

56
Q

What are the negative symptoms of schizophrenia?

A

social withdrawals. emotional flattening
reduced drive
poverty of speech
inability to feel pleasure

57
Q

What are some mechanical causes of back pain?

A 
trauma
muscular and ligaments pain
postural back pain
lumbar spondylosis
facet joint syndrome
lumbar disc prolapse
spinal and root canal stenosis
58
Q

Give some examples of inflammatory causes of back pain

A

infective lesions of the spine

ankylosing spondylitis

59
Q

Describe some metabolic causes of back pain

A

osteoporotic spinal fractures
osteomalacia
paget’s disease

60
Q

What are the parts of the IV disc?

A

annulus fibrosis and nucleus pulposis

61
Q

What nerve is involved in sciatica?

A

S3

62
Q

What are some features and signs of serious spinal disease?

A 
previous malignancy
younger than 16 or older that 50 with new pain
unexplained weight loss
recent serious illness or infection
saddle anaesthetsia 
reduced anal tone
hip or knee weakness
generalised neurologcal deficit
spinal deformities
urinary retention
63
Q

What are some of the yellow flags in chronic pain?

A 
belief pain is harmful and activity is harmful
fear-avoidance behaviours and inactivity
social withdrawal
emotional problems
dissatisfaction at work
financial problems
overprotective family or lack of support
64
Q

How is chronic pain prevented?

A

managing symptoms with analgesics
early detection of risk factors
advise and education to patient
discharge of patient as early as possible

65
Q

What nerve innervates the muscles of facial expression?

A

the facial nerve (CNVII)

66
Q

WHat are the muscles of mastication?

A

massseter
temporalis
medial pterygoid
lateral pterygoid

67
Q

What are the main vessels of the face?

A

facial artery, superficial temporal artery

68
Q

What is the consequence of severing the parotid duct?

A

salivary mucocoele

69
Q

What are the five branches of the facial nerve?

A 
temporal 
zygomatic
buccal
marginal mandibular
cervical

head neck and neuro (6 decks)

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