week 4

Question 1

What two factors are needed for an infection to occur?

Answer 1

A host and an organism

Question 3

Define infection:

Answer 3

an invasion of a host caused by a pathogen

Question 5

What are 4 different kinds of infections that can occur?

Answer 5

Bacterial, viral, fungal, parasitic

Question 7

What is one of the most common and deadly bacterial infections today?

Answer 7

MRSA-caused by staph aureus

Question 9

Bacteremia/speticemia is used to describe:

Answer 9

a systemic bacterial infection, in which bacteria is found in the blood

Question 11

What is a common cause of bacteremia?

Answer 11

E.coli

Question 13

What are 3 examples of infections caused by viruses?

Answer 13

H1N1, HIV, the flu

Question 15

Why are viral infections difficult to treat?

Answer 15

They do not follow a normal organism growth pattern, they are abnormally shaped, and have no nucleus just reverse transcriptase

Question 17

Viruses are protected by several layers of ____________.

Answer 17

proteins

Question 19

What are three examples of fungal infections?

Answer 19

candida (yeast), PCP, aspergillus

Question 21

What are two examples of parasitic infections?

Answer 21

giardiasis, trichinosis

Question 23

List the steps in the chain of transmission?

Answer 23

Infectious agent, susceptible host, portal of entry, mode of transmission, portal of exit, reservoir

Question 25

T or F: The chain of transmission cannot be broken.

Answer 25

FALSE.

Question 27

List three ways we can break the chain of transmission:

Answer 27

handwashing, education, @ portal of entry: proper wound care

Question 29

Under normal circumstances inflammation can result in:

Answer 29

increasing healing, decreasing infection

Question 31

T or F: Inflammation can result from infection.

Answer 31

TRUE

Question 33

T or F: Infection can result from inflammation.

Answer 33

FALSE- inflammation will not cause infection, inflammation is always in response to an infection

Question 35

Define hypersensitivity:

Answer 35

an altered immunologic response to an antigen resulting in disease or damage to the host

Question 37

How does hypersensitivity develop?

Answer 37

a pathologic immune response develops after one or multiple exposures to an antigen

Question 39

What is an allergy?

Answer 39

an exaggerated response to the environment

Question 41

What is autoimmunity?

Answer 41

intolerance to self-antigens, does not recognize self as self

Question 43

Define alloimmunity:

Answer 43

occurs when the immune system of on individual produces an immunologic response against tissues of another individual during transfusions, transplanted tissue, or a fetus during pregnancy

Question 45

List the 4 mechanisms of hypersensitivity:

Answer 45

Type 1: IgE (allergies), Type 2: Tissue-specific, Type 3: Immune-complex, Type 4: Cell-mediated

Question 47

What is happeneing during a Type I response?

Answer 47

histamine overreaction

Question 49

What is an example of an allergic (IgE) response?

Answer 49

Seasonal rhinitis

Question 51

What is happening during a Type II response?

Answer 51

destruction of cells due to antigen on membrane

Question 53

What is an example of a Type II: Tissue Specific reaction?

Answer 53

Graves disease

Question 55

What is happening during a type III response?

Answer 55

antigen-antibody complexes are deposited on vessels or tissues

Question 57

What is an example of a Type III:Immune-complex reaction?

Answer 57

systemic lupus erythematosus

Question 59

What is happening during a Type IV resonse?

Answer 59

T-cells are over sensitized and react to the enviroment

Question 61

What is an example of a Type IV:cell-mediated reaction?

Answer 61

contact sensitivity to metals (jewelry) or poison ivy

Question 63

What is the most rapid and severe immediatee hypersensitivity reaction?

Answer 63

anaphylaxis

Question 65

Wht two types of immunodeficiencies exist?

Answer 65

congenital and aquired

Question 67

What is an example of a congenital immunodeficiency?

Answer 67

agama globulin anemia

Question 69

What is an example of an aquired immunodeficiency?

Answer 69

AIDS

Question 71

T or F: HIV and AIDS are the same thing, and the terms can be used interchangeably

Answer 71

FALSE. An HIV infection can lead to AIDS, but they are NOT the same thing

Question 73

T or F: Drugs can successfully counteract the HIV virus when it is inside human cells.

Answer 73

FALSE

Question 75

What is the ultimate goal of HIV medications?

Answer 75

To control the disease, not cure it

Question 77

What are CD4 cells?

Answer 77

Helper T and B cells

Question 79

A person is considered to have AIDS when what conditions are met?

Answer 79

HIV infection + CD4 <200

Question 81

What are opportunistic diseases?

Answer 81

Will take over the host when they get the opportunity, for example, when a person becomes immunocompromised

Question 83

What is an example of an opportunistic disease?

Answer 83

HIV-can live in a host for years and can turn into an AIDS infection if the host becomes immunocompromised

Question 85

What happens during the acute phase of an HIV infection?

Answer 85

lympadenopathy, fevers, fatigue, malaise, joint pain, weight loss, muscle wasting

Question 87

What is happening during the dormant phase of an HIV infection?

Answer 87

A patient will have no symptoms, but the virus is present in their system

Question 89

What is the final stage of an HIV infection?

Answer 89

AIDS

Question 91

How is HIV transmitted?

Answer 91

through blood and bodily fluids