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pathopharm > week 4 > Flashcards

week 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What two factors are needed for an infection to occur?

A

A host and an organism

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3
Q

Define infection:

A

an invasion of a host caused by a pathogen

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5
Q

What are 4 different kinds of infections that can occur?

A

Bacterial, viral, fungal, parasitic

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7
Q

What is one of the most common and deadly bacterial infections today?

A

MRSA-caused by staph aureus

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9
Q

Bacteremia/speticemia is used to describe:

A

a systemic bacterial infection, in which bacteria is found in the blood

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11
Q

What is a common cause of bacteremia?

A

E.coli

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13
Q

What are 3 examples of infections caused by viruses?

A

H1N1, HIV, the flu

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15
Q

Why are viral infections difficult to treat?

A

They do not follow a normal organism growth pattern, they are abnormally shaped, and have no nucleus just reverse transcriptase

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17
Q

Viruses are protected by several layers of ____________.

A

proteins

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19
Q

What are three examples of fungal infections?

A

candida (yeast), PCP, aspergillus

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21
Q

What are two examples of parasitic infections?

A

giardiasis, trichinosis

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23
Q

List the steps in the chain of transmission?

A

Infectious agent, susceptible host, portal of entry, mode of transmission, portal of exit, reservoir

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25
Q

T or F: The chain of transmission cannot be broken.

A

FALSE.

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27
Q

List three ways we can break the chain of transmission:

A

handwashing, education, @ portal of entry: proper wound care

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29
Q

Under normal circumstances inflammation can result in:

A

increasing healing, decreasing infection

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31
Q

T or F: Inflammation can result from infection.

A

TRUE

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33
Q

T or F: Infection can result from inflammation.

A

FALSE- inflammation will not cause infection, inflammation is always in response to an infection

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35
Q

Define hypersensitivity:

A

an altered immunologic response to an antigen resulting in disease or damage to the host

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37
Q

How does hypersensitivity develop?

A

a pathologic immune response develops after one or multiple exposures to an antigen

39
Q

What is an allergy?

A

an exaggerated response to the environment

41
Q

What is autoimmunity?

A

intolerance to self-antigens, does not recognize self as self

43
Q

Define alloimmunity:

A

occurs when the immune system of on individual produces an immunologic response against tissues of another individual during transfusions, transplanted tissue, or a fetus during pregnancy

45
Q

List the 4 mechanisms of hypersensitivity:

A

Type 1: IgE (allergies), Type 2: Tissue-specific, Type 3: Immune-complex, Type 4: Cell-mediated

47
Q

What is happeneing during a Type I response?

A

histamine overreaction

49
Q

What is an example of an allergic (IgE) response?

A

Seasonal rhinitis

51
Q

What is happening during a Type II response?

A

destruction of cells due to antigen on membrane

53
Q

What is an example of a Type II: Tissue Specific reaction?

A

Graves disease

55
Q

What is happening during a type III response?

A

antigen-antibody complexes are deposited on vessels or tissues

57
Q

What is an example of a Type III:Immune-complex reaction?

A

systemic lupus erythematosus

59
Q

What is happening during a Type IV resonse?

A

T-cells are over sensitized and react to the enviroment

61
Q

What is an example of a Type IV:cell-mediated reaction?

A

contact sensitivity to metals (jewelry) or poison ivy

63
Q

What is the most rapid and severe immediatee hypersensitivity reaction?

A

anaphylaxis

65
Q

Wht two types of immunodeficiencies exist?

A

congenital and aquired

67
Q

What is an example of a congenital immunodeficiency?

A

agama globulin anemia

69
Q

What is an example of an aquired immunodeficiency?

A

AIDS

71
Q

T or F: HIV and AIDS are the same thing, and the terms can be used interchangeably

A

FALSE. An HIV infection can lead to AIDS, but they are NOT the same thing

73
Q

T or F: Drugs can successfully counteract the HIV virus when it is inside human cells.

A

FALSE

75
Q

What is the ultimate goal of HIV medications?

A

To control the disease, not cure it

77
Q

What are CD4 cells?

A

Helper T and B cells

79
Q

A person is considered to have AIDS when what conditions are met?

A

HIV infection + CD4 <200

81
Q

What are opportunistic diseases?

A

Will take over the host when they get the opportunity, for example, when a person becomes immunocompromised

83
Q

What is an example of an opportunistic disease?

A

HIV-can live in a host for years and can turn into an AIDS infection if the host becomes immunocompromised

85
Q

What happens during the acute phase of an HIV infection?

A

lympadenopathy, fevers, fatigue, malaise, joint pain, weight loss, muscle wasting

87
Q

What is happening during the dormant phase of an HIV infection?

A

A patient will have no symptoms, but the virus is present in their system

89
Q

What is the final stage of an HIV infection?

A

AIDS

91
Q

How is HIV transmitted?

A

through blood and bodily fluids

pathopharm (6 decks)

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