Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

pathopharm > acidbase > Flashcards

acidbase Flashcards

1
Q

How many lobes does the righ lung have?

A

3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

The left lung has ____lobes

A

2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

The _______ and ______ are the major muscles of inspiration

A

diaphragm and external intercostals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is perfusion?

A

Blood flow second to ventilation, distribution of blood flow at the alveolar level to allow echange of O2 and CO2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is diffusion?

A

ventilation, moving air into the lungs and distributing air within the lungs to gas exchange unils (alveoli) for maintaining of O2 and removal of CO2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

The _______ and ______ are the accessary muscles of inspiration

A

sternocleidomastoid and scalene muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the accessary muscles of expiration?

A

abdominal and internal intercostal muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is Total lung capacity?

A

how much air you can inhale in maximum inspiration effort

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is vital capacity?

A

amount of air that can be expelled in resting state (exhale)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is functional residual capacity/ volume?

A

after exhalation, how much air left in alveoli to keep them open

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is inspiratory capacity?

A

volume of gas that can be taken in in a full inhale

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the neurological controls of ventilation?

A

respiratory center (medulla-primary and pons-secondary)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the chemical controls of ventilation?

A

pH, O2, CO2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the mechanical controls of ventilation?

A

stretch receptors in bronchi, irritant receptoptos throughout the epithelium, temperature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the V/Q ratio?

A

Ventilation/ Perfusion ratio, matching adequate volume of air in alveoli to adequate pulmonary blood flow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What would a V/Q of 80% mean?

A

normal/ideal: 4L/ minute of alveoli ventilation to 5L/ min of capillary blood flow in the lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What effet does standing have on the V/Q ratio?

A

increases V and thus increases V/Q

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What effet does lying down have on the V/Q ratio?

A

increases perfusion and this decreases V/Q ratio

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What might cause a low V/Q?

A

Chronic bronchitis, low V

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What might cause a very low V/Q?

A

a shunt or hole in the heart that is bypassing ventilation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What might cause a high V/Q?

A

Low perfusion, COPD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What might cause shifting in oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve?

A

CADET: CO2 changes, Acidosis Condition, DPG- measure of eurthrocytes, Exercise, Temperature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Would you rather see a left or right side shift in the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve? Why?

A

Right, if there is a left shift it means that Hg has a high affinity to O2 and is reluctant to let it go to the tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is resperatory insufficiency?

A

gas exchange maintained at an acceptable level with increased work from the cardiopulmonary system.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What might cause resperatory insufficiency?
emphasema, asthma flare up, COPD at terminal stage
26
What might cause respiratory failure?
COPD with severe pneumonia
27
What could the etiology of a decreased CNS drive to breath be?
narcotics, head/neck trauma, sleep apnea
28
What could the etiology of impaired ventilation d/t obstruction be?
bronchial edema, obstructed airway, pneumothorax, popped lung
29
What could casue impaired ventilation/perfusion?
COPD, restricted lung disease, atelectasis, pneumonias, pulmonary edema, anemias
30
What is the difference between hypoxia and hypoxemia?
Hypoxia-lack of O2 hypoxemia- result of severe low O2 , no blood perfussion, at rist for tissue necrosis
31
What is hypoxemia a direct consequence of?
respiratory failure
32
How does hypoxemia effect the CNS?
restlessness, agitation, incordination, coma and death
33
What are the clinical presentations of respiratory distress?
tachycardia, coolness, diaphoresis, pallor-cyanosis, initial increases in BP, HR, failed hypotension, bradycardia
34
What is hypercapnea?
increased level of CO2 in blood, direct vasodilator (cerebral vessels leading to headache, flushed skin, conjunctiva- hyperemia)
35
How does the neumonic ROME help us to understand acid base balance?
Respiratory Opposite Metebolic Equal CO2 increases and pH is low then it is respiratory acidosis (opposite) HCO3 is high and pH is high then it is metabolic alkalosis (they go in the same direction)
36
What is the normal value for pH?
7.35-7.45
37
What is the normal value for CO2?
35-45
38
What is the normal value for HCO3?
22-26
39
What is the normal value for arterial O2?
80-100 mmHg
40
What is the normal value for O2 sat?
96-100%
41
What does metabolic acidosis cause?
hyperkalemia, drowsiness, confusion, coma, decreased BP, dysrhythmia, dilation, abd pain, increased resp (compensation)
42
What can cause metabolic acidosis?
retaining lactic acid, chronic renal failure
43
What does metabolic alkalosis cause?
hypokalemia, dizziness, irritability, nervous, confusion, increased HR, NV, anorexia, tetany, tremor,decreased respirations (compensation)
44
What can cause metabolic alkylosis?
severe vommiting
45
What can cause respiratory acidosis?
hypoventilation due to use of narcotics, COPD
46
What can cause respiratory alkalosis?
hyperventilation
47
What would complete compensation look like?
both CO2 and HCO3 are abnormal in the same direction and pH is within normal range
48
What does partial compensation look like?
both CO2 and HCO3 are abnormal in the sane direction and pH is still outside the normal range
49
Can combined acidosis and alkalosis be compensated?
NO!
50
What are tests of pulmonary function?
spirometry, diffustion capacity, residual volume, FRC, Total lung capacity, arterial blood gas analysis, chest radiographs
51
What are primary pulmonary symptoms?
Dyspnea, cough, hemoptysis (cough up blood), clubbing, abmornal spetum, paroxysmal nocternal dyspnea, orthopnea
52
What are obstructive lung diseases?
COPD, Asthma
53
What are restrictive lung diseases?
Pneumonia, Pneumothorax, pleural effusion
54
What are pulmonary infections?
TB, pneumonia, influenza
55
A patient presents with difficulty exhaling, use of accessory musles on exhalation, and a decreased FEV1 and FEV1/FVC. This would be an example of ______________ lung disease
obstructive
56
A patient presents with difficulty inhaling, decreased FVC, but has no problem breathing while asleep. This would be an example of __________ lung disease.
Restrictive
57
COPD refers to a combination of which 3 diseases?
Chronic bronchitis, emphysema, asthma
58
COPD stands for:
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
59
T or F: COPD refers to a category of respiratory disorders that obstruct the pathway of normal alveolar ventilation either by spasm of the airways, mucus secretions, or changes in airway and/or alveoli
TRUE
60
_________________ is bronchial inflammation with hypertrophy and hypersectretion of the bronchial mucous glands
chronic bronchitis
61
List 4 causes of chronic bronchitis:
tobacco smoke, smog, occupational hazards, viral/bacterial infection
62
To get diagnosed with chronic bronchits one must:
have a productive cough for 3 months per year for 2 consecutive years
63
A slang term for a person with chronic bronchitis is:
"blue bloater"
65
In a person with emphysema, terminal airways collapse during: inspiration or expiration?
expiration
66
List 2 causes of emphysema:
inhalation of irritants (tobacco smoke), genetic (rare)
67
The slang term for a person with emphysema is:
"pink puffers"
68
A person who comes in complaining of a productive cough, incresed work load of breathing, and dyspnea most likely has:
chronic bronchitis
69
A patient complaining of dyspnea, barrel chest, non-productive cough most likley has:
emphysema
70
To manage chronic bronchitis and emphysema the three main points are:
1 improve ventilation (bronchodilators, breathing exercises) 2 promote secretion removal (hydration, humidification) 3 prevent complications
71
___________ is defined as Intermittent airway obstruction d/t bronchospasm and increased mucous sectretions and a hyper-responsiveness of airways after exposure to irritating stimuli
asthma
73
The 5 main reasons to use respiratory therapy is:
1 improve ventilation 2 raise PO2 3 Increase humidification 4 mobilize secretions 5 prevent complications
74
The 5 Main purposes of respiratory drugs are to:
1 dilate bronchi 2 increase of LIQUIFY secretions 3 decrease secretions 4 treat infection and inflammation 5 decrease cough
75
***skipping categories of drugs***
bronchodilators, anti-inflammatory
76
________ is defined as alveoli fill up with exudate (RBC's, WBC's, fluid, and debris) and consolidate lungs
pneumonia
77
What are the 4 main causes of Pneumonia?
aspiration, bacteria, virus, toxin
78
Community-aquired pneumonia (CAP) is commonly cause by which 2 microorganisms?
S. pneumoniae and H. influenzae
79
A person complaining o fa combination of fever, chills, productive or dry cough, malaise, pleural pain, dyspnea, hemoptysis, leukocytosis, or anxiety may have:
pneumonia
80
What is an issue with sputum and blood cultures when testing for pneumonia?
There are many false negatives
81
What is a treatment for pneumonia?
rest, hydration, antibiotics for bacterial, vitamin C, decongestants, cough suppressants
82
___________ is described as an infectious, communicable process that is caused by mycobacterium. It may effect any part of the body but is most common in the lungs
Pulmonary tuberculosis
83
T or F: Tubercle bacilli (cause TB) can live in dried sputum in dark places and are destroyed by direct sunlight or UV rays.
TRUE
84
Describe the three steps of how TB develops in the lungs
1. TB enters lung and body fights with phagocytosis 2. Gray masses form if phagocytosis fails 3. Cavitation occurs and then erodes=air filled cavity
85
What are some common clinical manisfestations of TB?
cough, sputum production, dyspnea, hemoptysis, pleuritic pain, fatigue, irritability, night sweats, low grade fever in late afternoon, tachycardia, weight loss
86
What are 3 current treatments for TB?
Drug therapy, limited activity, dry, sunny, well ventilated living environment
87
Smoking, industrial pollutants, race/socio-economic status, and geography are all risk factors for:
lung cancer
88
A patient comes to the clinic complaining of chest pain, dysphagia, fatigue, recurrent URI's, and has had a persistent cough that recently worsened. This patient may have ___________
lung cancer
89
3 common complications from lung cancer include:
pleural effusions, resp. insufficiency, and CV
90
T or F: A danger of lung cancer is it's potential for metastasis to the brain, bone, and liver.
TRUE
91
List 4 possible treatment options for lung cancer:
chemotherapy, radiation, surgery, compassionate care
92
When assessing a patient Always pay attention to:
pateint history, vital signs, symptoms and physical findings, lab values
93
When assessing a patient Always ask:
What is causing the abn. Finding? What can be done to fix it?

pathopharm (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions