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EBP 2 > Week 4 & 5 > Flashcards

Week 4 & 5 Flashcards

1
Q

What is an ANOVA?

A

Statistical method to decide whether an observed difference in sample scores represents a “real” difference in the population…. vs. just sampling error, but with 3 or more groups/levels of 1 IV and or 2 or more IVs

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2
Q

What is the question asked in an ANOVA?

A

Are observed differences in whole set of means greater than would be expected by chance alone?

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3
Q

What statistic is looked at for ANOVA?

A

An f- statistic

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4
Q

What is an F-statistic?

A

The between group variability divided by the within group variability

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5
Q

What is the null hypothesis in the ANOVA?

A

All of the population means are even

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6
Q

What is the alternative hypothesis in the ANOVA?

A

At least one pair of samples is significantly different, but we don’t know which one

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7
Q

What are the basic assumptions for ANOVA?

A
  • Samples are randomly drawn from populations
  • Population is normally distributed
  • Homogeneity of variance (roughly)
  • Data from ratio or interval (i.e. continuous) scales
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8
Q

What does one need to be careful with when randomly drawing samples from the population?

A

Generalization

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9
Q

How can the normal distribution of a population be tested?

A
  • Statistically
  • Graphically
  • Common sense
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10
Q

When is the homogeneity of variance especially important?

A

When there is an unequal group size

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11
Q

How is the homogeneity of variance usually tested?

A

Statistically

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12
Q

The types of ANOVA concern what…?

A
  • Whether they are one way (1 IV) or multiple ways

- Whether the IV are between subjects(independent groups) or within subjects (repeated measure) or a mixed model

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13
Q

What is a mixed model?

A

Where there is 1 IV that is between subject and 1 IV that is within subjects

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14
Q

What are the types of ANOVA?

A
  • One way ANOVA: independent samples
  • Two way ANOVA: independent samples
  • One way ANOVA: Repeated measures samples
  • Two way ANOVA: Repeated measures samples
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15
Q

What is the characteristic of a one way ANOVA: independent variable?

A

1 IV with 3 or more levels

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16
Q

What does the result of an ANOVA show?

A

Whether or not there is a difference overall, but not where the difference is

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17
Q

What is the characteristic of a two way ANOVA: independent variable?

A

2 or more IV

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18
Q

What are the things you’re interested in when performing a two way ANOVA: independent variable?

A
  • Main effect of IV A
  • Main effect of IV B
  • Main effect of IV A & B (interaction effect)
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19
Q

What is the interaction effect?

A

Saying that the scores across one of the IV depends on the levels of the other IV

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20
Q

It is really helpful to look at ____ when talking about interaction effects

A

It is really helpful to look at graphs when talking about interaction effects

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21
Q

What does it mean when the lines of an interaction effect graph are parallel?

A

There is no interaction

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22
Q

What does it mean when the lines of an interaction effect graph are not parallel?

A

There is an interaction

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23
Q

What is a disordinal interaction?

A

When the lines cross and significant main effects cannot be interpreted

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24
Q

What is an ordinal interaction?

A

When the lines don’t cross and significant main effects can be interpreted

25
Q

The one way ANOVA: Repeated measures samples is more powerful that the independent ANOVA because ___

A

The one way ANOVA: Repeated measures samples is more powerful that the independent ANOVA because it has less error variance

26
Q

What is the homogeneity of variance in the one way ANOVA: Repeated measures samples?

A

Sphericity

27
Q

What is sphericity?

A

The homogeneity of variance of differences

28
Q

How is sphericity tested?

A

Test with Mauchly’s Test of Sphericity

29
Q

What is a non-significant finding of sphericity mean?

A

No difference in variance

30
Q

If sphericity assumption is failed, what happens?

A

Use correction/adjusted p-value

31
Q

What is a multiple comparison test used for?

A

To determine where the difference is

32
Q

The multiple comparison test is also called the ____

A

The multiple comparison test is also called the pairwise comparisons

33
Q

What are the different strategies of performing a multiple comparison test?

A
  1. Post-hoc

2. Planned comparison

34
Q

When is a post-hoc performed?

A

Performed after ANOVA

35
Q

___ multiple comparison strategy is the most common

A

Post-hoc multiple comparison strategy is the most common

36
Q

The post hoc test ___ and therefore are exploratory

A

The post hoc test every difference and therefore are exploratory

37
Q

When is a planned comparison performed?

A

Performed instead of ANOVA (a priori)

38
Q

What does a planned comparison focus on?

A

Focused only on specific comparisons

39
Q

How do you calculate the family wise type 1 error rate that is used for the one way ANOVA?

A

Add up all the alpha values

40
Q

When the family wise type 1 error rate is too high, what do you do?

A

A Bonferroni Correction can be done

41
Q

How is a Bonferroni Correction done?

A

Divide alpha by the number of statistical tests to be performed and use that for each post hoc test

42
Q

What is the downside to the Bonferroni Correction?

A

Because it has less power and a higher chance of a type 1 error, must balance risk of Type 1 and Type 2 error

43
Q

What are the types of post hoc test to perform in the order of least conservative/most likely to find a significant difference?

A
  • Fisher’s least significant difference
  • Duncan multiple range test
  • Newman-Keuls method
  • Tukey’s honestly significance difference
  • Bonferroni t-test
  • Scheffe’s comparison
44
Q

What are the post-hoc test that are performed the most?

A
  • Fisher’s least significant difference
  • Tukey’s honestly significance difference
  • Bonferroni t-test
45
Q

What is the Fisher’s least significant difference test?

A

Essentially and unadjusted t-tes (LSD)

46
Q

Why is the Tukey’s honestly significance difference important?

A

“Middle of the road” in
terms of risk and most
commonly used

47
Q

What does the Bonferroni t-test do?

A

Simply divides α by # of

comparisons

48
Q

When is the Fisher’s least significant difference test, Tukey’s honestly significance difference important, and Bonferroni t-test suitable for use?

A

When an independent groups type test is being performed

49
Q

What are the multiple comparison test to be used for repeated measures?

A
  • LSD
  • SIdak
  • Bonferoni correction
50
Q

LSD is an _____

A

LSD is an unadjusted paired t-test

51
Q

Sidak is ___

A

Sidak is adjusted, but good balance of type 1 & type 2 error protection

52
Q

The LSD test has a high risk of ___, type 1 error meaning it is less conservative

A

The LSD test has a high risk of high, type 1 error meaning it is less conservative

53
Q

The bonferoni correction test has a high risk of ___ error and is more conservative

A

The bonferoni correction test has a high risk of type 2 error and is more conservative

54
Q

What is an ANCOVA?

A

(Analysis of covariance) is a statistical technique that is used when you cannot control a variable through research design and sampling

55
Q

What does the ANCOVA do?

A

It statistically adjust the dependent variable based on the covariate

56
Q

ANCOVA produces ____

A

ANCOVA produces adjusted means

57
Q

ANCOVA is a combination of ___ and _____

A

ANCOVA is a combination of ANOVA and linear regression

58
Q

What are the assumptions of ANCOVA?

A
  • Usual parametric assumptions
  • Linear relationship between CoV and DV (with r>.6)
  • Homogeneity of slopes
59
Q

You can also use ANCOVA to adjust for ____ scores

A

You can also use ANCOVA to adjust for baseline scores

EBP 2 (7 decks)

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