Week 4 & 5

Question 1

What is top-down processing?

Answer 1

It is conceptually driven, because you know the image is there it pops out at you

Question 2

What is bottom-up processing?

Answer 2

It is data driven, trying to piece together the information in the picture to see the image

Question 3

What is grapheme-colour synthesia

Answer 3

seeing monochromatic letters, digits, and words in unique colours

Question 4

What are single cell recordings?

Answer 4

different neurons are sensitive to different stimuli

Question 5

What is double dissociation?

Answer 5

two patients with opposite patterns of deficits and preserved abilities

Question 6

What is dissociation?

Answer 6

Damage affects some functions but not others

Question 7

What is spatial neglect?

Answer 7

A tendency to ignore the left side of the body, objects, sounds and sensations especially when competing input is present on the right side.

Question 8

What does spatial neglect result from?

Answer 8

From a deficit in attention but not sensation

Question 9

When does top - down attention occur?

Answer 9

When the pre-frontal and parietal cortexes facilitate responsiveness to stimuli more than others

Question 10

When does bottom-up attention occur?

Answer 10

When a new stimulus arises

Question 11

What is in-attentional blindness?

Answer 11

Failure to notice slow or subtle changes in a scene unless actively paying attention to the changing item

Question 12

What causes people to remain conscious?

Answer 12

Stimulation to the cortex from the thalamus and other subcortical areas

Question 13

What is the Phi phenomenon?

Answer 13

Demonstrates that sometimes an event retroactively influences conscious perception of what came before it

Question 14

How does the cerebellum process?

Answer 14

Processes unconsciously despite having more neurons

Question 15

How does the cerebral cortex process?

Answer 15

Integrates information through reciprocal connections

Question 16

What is binocular rivalry?

Answer 16

When the brain processes information from the ignored eye enough to recognise something that might be meaningful

Question 17

What is masking?

Answer 17

A brief visual stimulus is preceeded, followed or both by longer interfering stimuli

Question 18

What is flash suppression?

Answer 18

While other stimuli are flashing, you cannot see the stationary stimulus

Question 19

What happens in the brain when someone is conscious of the stimulus?

Answer 19

The stimulus representation spreads across the brain, amplifies and prolongs processing in the primary sensory cortex

Question 20

What is identity position?

Answer 20

The view that conscious experience and certain brain activities are the same thing

Question 21

What is saccade?

Answer 21

Voluntary eye movements

Question 22

What is motion blindness?

Answer 22

AN impairment in a persons ability to perceive movement

Question 23

What is the middle temporal cortex specialised for?

Answer 23

Detecting the direction and speed of a moving object

Question 24

What is prosopagnosia?

Answer 24

A difficulty in recognising faces despite normal vision in other regards

Question 25

What brain region is specialised for face recognition?

Answer 25

The Fusiform gyrus and its connection to the occipital cortex

Question 26

What does the inferior temporal cortex do?

Answer 26

Detects objects and recognises them despite changes in position, size and angle

Question 27

What does the secondary visual cortex do?

Answer 27

Processes information further and transfers it to additional areas

Question 28

What is agnosia?

Answer 28

An inablility to recognise or identify objects

Question 29

What can damage to the ventral stream lead to?

Answer 29

Agnosia

Question 30

What is the dorsal stream responsible for?

Answer 30

Visual guidance of movements

Question 31

What is the ventral visual stream responsible for?

Answer 31

Perceiving Objects

Question 32

What are complex cells?

Answer 32

Respond to bars and edges but respond equally anywhere with large receptive fields

Question 33

What are simple cells?

Answer 33

Have a receptive field with fixed excitory and inhibitory zones

Question 34

What is blindsight?

Answer 34

The ability to respond to visual information without perceiving it consciously

Question 35

What is hyperphantasia?

Answer 35

Very visual imagery

Question 36

What is aphantasia?

Answer 36

No visual imagery

Question 37

What does damage to the V1 cause?

Answer 37

No vision even in dreams, sometimes blindsight can occur

Question 38

What are koniocellular neurons?

Answer 38

small cell bodies throughout the retina

Question 39

What are magnocellular neurons?

Answer 39

They are larger cell bodies and receptive fields, distributed throughout the fovea

Question 40

What are parvocellular neurons?

Answer 40

Small cell bodies and small receptive fields in or near the fovea

Question 41

Where does visual imagery start?

Answer 41

In the language or memory areas and spreads to the visual cortex

Question 42

What is the magnocellular system specialised for?

Answer 42

Perception of movement and overall patterns

Question 43

What is the parvocellular system specialised for?

Answer 43

Perception of colour and fine details

Question 44

Why does lateral inhibition occur?

Answer 44

Receptors stimulate horizontal cells which inhibit nearby bipolar cells enhancing contrast at edges

Question 45

What is lateral inhibition?

Answer 45

A mechanism that enhances the contrast at light to dark borders

Question 46

What do horizontal cells do?

Answer 46

Make inhibitory contact onto bipolar cells

Question 47

Where do most of the axons of the optic chiasm travel to?

Answer 47

The LGN of the thalamus

Question 48

What is retinex theory?

Answer 48

The Retinex theory explains how our brain helps us see consistent colors and brightness, even when lighting changes. It compares light from different parts of a scene, so an object like a red apple looks red no matter if it's in bright or dim light.

Question 49

What is the opponent-process theory?

Answer 49

The Opponent-Process theory suggests that we see colors through pairs of opposites: red/green, blue/yellow, and black/white. When one color in a pair is activated, the opposite color is inhibited. This helps explain things like afterimages—if you stare at red, you might see green after looking away.

Question 50

What is trichromatic theory?

Answer 50

The Trichromatic theory says we see color through three types of color receptors in our eyes: red, green, and blue. These receptors combine their signals to help us see all the colors around us.

Question 51

What are photopigments?

Answer 51

Chemicals that release energy when they are struck by light

Question 52

What are midget ganglion cells?

Answer 52

Small cells in the fovea that respond to one single cone