Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Repro > Week 4 > Flashcards

Week 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What are some risks to prematurity?

A

* Stillborn

* Small, weak, sickly

* Failure to grow

* Asynchrony with colostrum

* Reduction in milk production- Mother is not ready to produce enough milk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Reasons for induction of parturition in late gestation

A

* For medical reasons- saving the mother or neonate

* As a management tool- especially in production animals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Induction of parturition late gestation as a management tool

A

* Synchronize calving in dairy herds

* Enhanced supervision of high value offspring

* Batch farrowing in sows

* Facilitate cross mothering in sows

* Concentrate labour efforts- if supervision is required, may not want to pay 1.5 rate on a Sunday to labour

* Observe parturition- difficulties expected

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Induction of parturition in late gestation for medical reasons- high risk pregnancy

A

* Undesirable pregnancy of heifer

* Ruptured prepubic tendon

* Excessive udder oedema

* Maternal disease- HypoCa, Preg Tox, Hydrops…

* Prolonged gestation in cows- uncommon, a lot of variation in gestational length anyway

* Neonatal isoerythrolysis (NI) foals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How do you induce in a cow?

A

* Short acting dexamethasone- within 10 days of term, 90% calve in 45 hours +/- 5 hours; PG: calve in 1-4 days

* Long acting dexamethasone- 25-30 mg DexTMA (Trimedexil); second short acting dex or PG 10-12 days later; most calve within 1-3 days of second shot; calve more quickly as pregnancy progresses

* Prostaglandin- higher incidence of retained foetal membranes (RFM)- failure of placental detachment- it works, knocking out CL but prostaglandin leads to more complications at this very late stage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Downsides of induction of parturition in cows

A

* 5% decreased milk production

* High incidence of retained foetal membranes (RFM)

* Significant incidence of toxic metritis

* High calf mortality- stillbirths or non-viable

* Reproductive performance unaltered

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Induction in late gestation in ewes

A

* Short acting corticosteroids

* 70-90% lamb in 1-3 days

* efficiency declines before day 140

* Oestrogens and PG not used

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Reasons for mare inductions

A

* Must have severe life threatening risk to mare or foal

* fractured pelvis, previous NI foal, ruptured prepubic tendon, repeated stillborn foals, EHVI in foaling unit, Not udder oedema, Not prolonged gestation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Mare Induction criteria

A

> 330 days gestation, mare “bagged up”, cervix relaxed, prefoaling Ca levels in colostrum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Protocol for mare induction

A

Oxytocin- 5 IU iv and 40 IU im- wait 20 minutes and repeat; foal normally delivered within 1 hour; be in attendance with dystocia equipment

* lutalyse (dinoprost)- time of onset is variable and is associated with foal deaths

* Estrumate (fluprostenol)- safer but onset is still variable from 30 min to 3 hours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Downsides of induction of parturition in mares

A

* premature placental separation

* Maladjusted foals common

* Fractured ribs common- uncoordinated- breaks foals ribs

* Dystocias common- long spindly legs and long noses- so common if not in right position

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Sow induction of parturition

A

* Program- 10 mg lutalyse i/m 8 am on day 112; by 1pm day 113- 5-30 IU of oxytocin and remaining sows will farrow within 3 hours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

When are there few complications vs. likely complications with induction of abortion?

A

* Early Embryonic Loss- natural or induced early pregnancy- few complications

* Abortion mid gestation- complications likely: failure of abortion, require multiple treatments, risk of dystocia, increased risks of RFM, metritis, delayed uterine involution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Indications for Abortion

A

* Misalliance- female too young (in calf way too young), wrong sire (running a stud herd), bred out of season

* Female entering feedlot

* Reproductive pathology

* Fractured pelvis

* Ruptured prepubic tendon

* Excessive udder oedema

* Mare with twins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Cow abortion protocol

A

* PGF2alpha- 5 days after end of oestrus (comes into oestrus in 3-5 days, but takes up to 10 days to abort); 100% reliable during first 5 months; unreliable between 5-8 months gestation— to preg test or not to preg test? May not want to wait long enough until positive (?) so just use prostaglandin as cost is low

* PGF2alpha plus short acting corticosteroids- effective between 5-9 months, animals abort in about 5 days, risk of RFMs, dystocia and metritis

* Manual enucleation of CL- outdated technique; performed up to 4 months gestation; risk of adhesions, haemorrhage and decreased fertility

* Manual crushing of foetus- limited to 30-100 days, not recommended due to potential damage and trauma to the uterus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Mare abortion protocol

A

* PGF2alpha- method of choice, single injection up to day 35, multiple injections up to 5 days after day 35

* Cervical dilation and intrauterine infusion of saline, tetracycline, dilute iodine- significant risk of dystocia after 7 months

* Manual dilation of cervix with or without oxytocin and removal of foetus not recommended after 7 months

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Ewe abortion protocol

A

* PGF2 alpha- effective during the first 50 days of gestation

* Corticosteroids- not highly effective until late gestation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Doe Abortion Protocol, same as Sow Abortion Protocol

A

* Prostaglandin (PGF2alpha)- single dose effective throughout pregnancy at inducing abortion and parturition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Bitch/Queen Abortion Protocol

A

* Limited options- most methods used in other species are poorly effective or are associated with unacceptable degrees of side effects in dogs and cats

* Aglepristone (Alizin) is registered in Australia for induction of abortion in the bitch from 0-45 days after mating

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are some indicators of impending parturition?

A

* Lowered body temperature (and behavioural changes)

* Further out- udder/vulva and pelvic changes (waxing udders in mare)

* Progesterone levels decline

* Calcium levels in mares’ milk spike

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are some warning devices for mare parturition?

A

* Foaling alarms e.g. Breed-ezy–> if mare lies down, sensitive but not specific

* Vulval devices- more sensitive and specific- only time it goes off when vulval opens

* Foaling cameras

* Foal watch crew

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are the three classic stages of parturition?

A

* Stage I: Cervical dilation, foetal positioning for expulsion– restlessness, frequent urination (responding to discomfort)– might be up to 1-2 days in heifers or just a few hours in other species

* Stage II: Starts with rupture of chorioallantois and ends in expulsion

* Stage III: Ends when foetal membranes are passed in their entirety

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Stage I in bitches and queens

A

* 6 to 12 hours

* nesting behaviour, restlessness, vomiting, anorexia, shivering, cervical dilation, vaginal relaxation, uterine contractions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What drives parturition?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What causes the uterus to contract for parturition?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What are some criteria for a mare to be ready for a normal birth?

A

* Pelvic ligaments relaxed

* Full udder; waxing

* Gestation > 320 days

* Milk Ca increases 24 to 28 hours pre-partum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Stage I in a mare-normal parturition?

A

1-4 hours: restlessness, frequent urination, defecation, may sweat, may lay down

** Vital not to intervene too early

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Stage II and III in a mare- normal parturition

A

* Stage II- 5-20 minutes: starts with rupture of chorioallantois rapid EXPLOSIVE delivery: if > 60 minutes foal likely to die

* Stage III: ends when foetal membranes are passed in their entirety

29
Q

What species might you be a bit quicker to intervene?

A

Ewes. If an ewe has been straining for over an hour, perhaps tim eot intervene. Always check for a second lamb before suturing with caesarean- they can be tangled up, can be a cause of dystocia

30
Q

Farrowing

A

* Sow nests about 72 hours prior

* Restless, pelvis drops, about -8 hours milk spurts, about -30 minutes respiration rate increases, tail wags, stage II, pigs appear at about 12-25 minute intervals, farrowing takes about 3-5 hours

** Stage II 1-5 hours

* Oxytocin often administered +/- Ca

31
Q

Stage II in a Queen

A

Average duration: 8 hours, range 4- 42 hours

* stages are the same as in the bitch

* Dystocia is uncommon- usually a kitten will be dead

32
Q

Whelping bitch stage II

A

4-6 hours (up to 12- 24 hours in some normal bitches)

* expulsion of first pups can last up to 4 hours, usually 30 min- 2 hours in between pups

(may take a break)

* Note dark green pigment of placenta

33
Q

What to do with obstructive dystocia?

A

Vaginal exam, ultrasonography, radiology

34
Q

Indications for surgical management of dystocia in bitch/queen- Caesarean

A

Generally rule out obstructive dystocia– supportive treatment– if still not working– caesarean

* Complete, partial primary or secondary uterine inertia with a poor response to treatment (oxytocin and Ca common)

* fetal oversize or malformation

* maternal pelvic obstruction (e.g. fractures, masses)

* Non-reducible malpresentations

* Past history of dystocia or caesarean section

* fetal distress

* Systemic illness of the bitch/queen

* Suspected uterine torsion/rupture/prolapse or herniation

35
Q

Calving intervention

A

* Not uncommon

* Stage 2-0.5-4 hours– heifers longer than cows

Common risk factors include- foetopelvic disproportion, malpresentation, foetal deformities- e.g. schistosoma, akabane

36
Q

Common risk factors in cattle

A

* breeding for large birth weight….

* Malpositioning

* Limb/head flexion

* Twin tangles

* Cervical constriction

* Posterior presentation (breech)

37
Q

Lambing intervention

A

* Be clean, be gentle, use lots of lube- consider relaxation assistance- epidural, GA, positioning (can easily elevate hindquarters)

* Birth canal is easily traumatized

38
Q

Intervention of mare parturition

A

* be aware of history

* Size generally not an issue like in cows

* once rupture of chorioallantois expect steady progress

* be ready to intervene if malpresentation e.g. neck, limb flexion, posterior presentation

* Length of limbs and muzzle make life challenging

39
Q
A

* Foal “red bag”

* Failure of cervical star to rupture at cervical pole- thinner region

* true emergency

* need to rupture chorioallantois and deliver foal ASAP

40
Q

Intervention in stage III mares

A

* often require intervention

* foetal membranes usually delivered within 30 to 90 minutes after end of stage II

* some people give oxytocin

* retained when not released by 3-6 hours post foaling

41
Q

Dystocia intervention in mares

A

* Clean, gentle, use lots of lube, consider relaxation assistance- epidural, GA, positioning

* birth canal is easily traumatized

* foals presented normally may get stuck at shoulders

* be alert for warning signs- maternal/foetal distress, malodour, discolour, stasis, etc.

42
Q

Lactogenesis vs. Galactopoiesis?

A

Lactogenesis is the transition from pregnancy to lactation where the mammary gland starts to produce colostrum and/pr milk

* Galactopoiesis is the maintenance of milk production, once it has started

43
Q

How many litres of blood does it require for 1 L of milk? Where does the blood supply come via? Main vein? Main lymphatic drainage?

A

500 L

Blood supply comes from the inguinal canal to supply the udder– external pudendal a. is the main supply

* main venous drainage is the superficial cranial epigastric v. or the milk vein.

* main lymphatic drainage: supf. inguinal LNs

44
Q
A
45
Q

Innervation of the udder?

A

* First and second lumbar nerves

* Perineal nerve

* Genitofemoral (inguinal) nerve- skin over the mid regions of the udder and the sole innervation to the substance of the gland and deeper tissues of the teats

46
Q

What are some defence mechanisms in the mammary gland?

A

* sphincter muscles at the teat

* teat canal is lined with keratin to prevent bacterial entry: teat canal keratin is composed of fatty acids that are BACTERICIDAL for S. aureus, S. hyicus, C. bovis, S. agalactiae

* Large cistermn in cows and goats– serves as a form of defence as bacteria will be flushed out

* WBCs migrate

47
Q

BMCC vss ICCC

A

Bulk Milk Cell Count- measuring cells in a vat

Individual cow cell count- measuring cells from an individual cow during an individual milking (< 120,000 cells per ml– infected can be millions)

** Suitable for human consumpton, BMCC= 400,000 cells per ml

48
Q

Mammogenesis

A

* Proliferation of the mammary duct system begins at puberty though is underdeveloped– udder development occurs mostly by mid-gestation

* Under the control of estrogens, GH, adrenal steroids AND alveoli under the control of progesterone and prolactin

49
Q

What is the key hormone with lactogenesis?

A

Prolactin is the key hormone with the secretion of milk, or lactogenesis (Growth hormone too in ruminants)

* Prolactin is released in conjunction with stimulation of the teat through either suckling or the milking process– sensory stimuli cause blockage of dopamine release, and dopamine is a major inhibitor of prolactin secretion

** Prolactin at periods of 12 hour release is sufficient to maintain lactogenesis

50
Q

How does milk let down occur?

A

Active contraction of myoepithelial cells surrounding the alveolus for efficient milk ejection

** myoepithelial cells are particularly sensitive to oxytocin- produced in response to massage of teats and other stimuli

51
Q

If maximal neonatal viability is the goal, what is the induction time period to be following for the cow, ewe (doe), mare, and sow?

A
52
Q

What are some indications for induction of parturition?

A

* sows- allows for cross mothering if needed, labor

* stop “late calving” so cows will be recovered and ready to get pregnant again at the next mating period

* to be able to observe and help in a birth

* terminate prolonged gestation in a cow, not in a mare

* for foals at risk of neonatal isoerythrolysis (NI)

53
Q

How do you induce a cow?

A

* short acting corticosteroids (Dexamethasone sodium phosphate)– RFM, calve between 1-6 days, PGF2alpha- RFM, long acting corticosteroids– 2-3 months PRIOR to term in order to get cows back in cycle

** must be at least 6 months pregnant, closely observe as they are likely to nee dhelp

54
Q

Induction of an ewe? Doe?

A

Less likely to occur.. short acting corticosteroids

Doe- PGF2alpha, short acting corticosteroids

55
Q

Induction in a mare?

A

* Later than 330 days gestational age, relaxed cervix (at least one finger on vaginal exam), have colostrum present in udder** MOST IMPORTANT

*NO INDUCTION IF FEBRILE or foal is thought to be not viable

** Oxytocin– virtually immediate, NO to PGF2alpha (increased foetal deaths!!!)

56
Q

Induction of sow?

A

Prior to day 111 not recommended due to increased risk of neonatal death

PGF2alpha, oxytocin

57
Q

Induction in a bitch/queen?

A

* Rarely indicated

58
Q

When is induction of abortion relatively safe?

A

Early pregnancy, after mid gestation it is associated with increased risk of

* failure of induction of abortion with maintenance of pregnancy to term

* Requirement for multiple treatments

* Difficult delivery with risk of trauma to birth canal

* Post-partum complications such as retained placenta, metritis, and/or delayed involution

59
Q

Indications for inducing abortion?

A

* Female mated by a non-desired male, female too young or immature at mating, female entering feedlot, pathology of repro tract or musculo-skeletal system of the dam with the potential to interfere with full term pregnancy, mare with twins, out of season breeding

60
Q

Induction of abortion in cow?

A

PGF2alpha +/- corticosteroid, manual crushing of amnion, allantois, and foetus, long acting corticosteroid (more reliable in later gestation)

61
Q

Induction of abortion in a mare?

A

* PGF2alpha, cervical dilation and intrauterine infusion of saline & irritants (tetracycline)- not recommended after 7-8 months due to risk of dystocia, manual dilation of cervix and removal of foetus (not recommended after 7-8 months)

62
Q

Induction of abortion in ewe, doe, and sow?

A

* PGF2alpha

63
Q

Induction of abortion in bitch? Queen?

A

Oestrogens during first 5 days after mating, PGF2alpha in later stages (Aglepristone- synthetic steroid with antiprogesterone activity)

* Queen: estradiol cypionate by Intramuscular injection with 40 hours of mating, PGF2alpha later on

64
Q

Why do smaller litters encounter more problems in the bitch?

A

* One or two puppies are not able to initiate parturition and if they do so are generally much larger in size (compared to a larger litter) and therefore are more likely to have foetopelvic malpresentation

65
Q

During stage 1 in a horse, what ligament relaxes? What ruptures during stage 1?

A

Sacroiliac ligament and sacroschiatic

** The chorioallantois is forcefully pushed through the cervix and ruptures at the cervical star during stage 1

66
Q

What is stage 3 in the equid?

A

* There is normally rapid break down between the chorioallantoic membrane and the endometrium (within 4 hours). The weight of the placenta (usually still hanging from the umbilical cord) acts as a weight. This constant traction and uterine involution help facilitate foetal membrane removal.

67
Q

What is a common cause of non-obstructive dystocia in a bitch? What interventions are appropriate?

A

A lack of abdominal straining. This can be induced by either exercising the bitch (walking or gentle running) or initiating Ferguson’s reflex by tickling the dorsal vaginal wall.

** primiparous (first time) or stressed bitch for other reasons may do well when put in a low stress environment with the ower or administration of a low dose sedative (usually a partial opioid)

68
Q

What are some indicators for potential dystocia in a bitch?

A

* weak irregular straining for more than 2-4 hours

* strong regular straining for more than 30 minutes with no progression

* foetal fluid passed more than 2-3 hours ago with no progression

* greenish discharge (in queens dark red) but no puppy is born with in 2-4 hours

* 2-4 hours since last puppy was born

* Stage 2 labor for more than 12 hours

* Low foetal heart rate

Repro (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions