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Pharamcology > Week 4 > Flashcards

Week 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Non-depolarizing neuro-muscular blockers x3

A

rocuronium bromide-newer drug short half life few minutes
Pancuronium bromide-intermediate half life 30 minutes
vecuronium -intermediate acting
Tubocurarune

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2
Q

Tubocurarine is historical because

A

original neuro blocker in curare used on arrow tips of South Africa natives. It has a long half-life of 60 minutes. unsafe for surgery

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3
Q

nicotine stimulates both the ____ and ___ systems. high doses of nicotine in insects can produce an ____ of conflicting signals that can produce death and nicotine has been used as an ____. High concentrations are found on nicotine leaves to ____ consumption of the leaf

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic
overload
insecticide
discourage

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4
Q

Nicotine is available in gum as ____

A

nicorettes

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5
Q

trade name for nicotine patches x3

A

habitrol-slow
prostep-fast
nicoderm-fast

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6
Q

nicotine patches results in patients having a ____ reaction (50%) it is placed on the upper back where the skin is ____. The success rate is about ___%

A

skin
thicker
10

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7
Q

______ is a partial nicotine agonist: it gives effects similar to nicotine but lesser in degree. it prevents nicotine from binding to the receptors. well publicized cases of ____ and ____ behavior have reduced the number of descriptions.

A

chantix
suicidal
erratic

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8
Q

______ chewing is very common in Southeast Asia. this drug consists of a piece of the ___ ___ ____ wrapped inside a leaf of ____ paper. its structure is close to nicotine which probably stimulate nicotinic receptors. one side effect is copious salivation and regular spitting of dark ___ saliva from pigment in the drug

A

betel
betel palm seed
betel
red

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9
Q

This drug seemed to show through the use of it it relieved asthma symptoms but it actually increases the risk of asthma related death

A

salmeterol

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10
Q

inhaled steroids act to inhibit influx of inflammatory cells, block synthesis of ____ and reduce formation of inflammatory ____. Primary choice when taken with B2 agonists.taking the steroid by inhalation reduces the effects of weight gain water retention and hypertension. adverse side effects of inhaled steroids include more throat and oral infection with candida albicans, a common yeast infection.

A

prostaglandins

cytokines

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11
Q

_____ is a newer drug given qd. it has a rapid ____. this is the same drug at dosages appropriate for nasal allergies applied with nasal inhaler and this drug is a s_____

A

fluticazone
onset
steroid

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12
Q

______ is one of the earliest inhalation steroids. short half life and most be give more frequently

A

azmacort

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13
Q

______ is a teriod anti-inflammatory. it is available as a DPI inhaler for use in asthma, as a ____ inhaler for allergies and as a cream for skin conditions such as ____

A

Monetasone
nasal
eczema

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14
Q

_____ is a long acting combination of fluticazone and Servent

A

advair

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15
Q

______ is a new and expensive combination if budesonide and formoterol fumarate

A

symbicort

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16
Q

____ is the most commonly prescribed antileukotriene and it inhibits the synthesis of the specific _____ ____. it is a non steriod

A

singulair

leukotriene D4

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17
Q

_____ a blocker of leukotriene receptor is also prescribed occasionally

A

Accolate

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18
Q

_______ is an adjunct prophylactic drug used when other drugs B2 and steroids are not sufficient to control asthma. it is a relative of caffeine with a ___ therapeutic index. it is taken ___. this drug has serious interactions with ___ and ____ with if which inhibit the excretion of theophylline.

A

theophylline
narrow
orally
erythromycin and hydrocortisone

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19
Q

______ is an ionic form of theophylline given ___ for acute asthma attacks when patients can’t inhale. thigh high for removing cellulite

A

aminophylline

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20
Q

____is used as a prophylatic treatment for asthma. it stabilizes the membrane of mast cells to prevent the release of histamine. used in combo with albuterol. requires QID inhalation for several weeks to reach optimal efficacy. this drug is more commonly used to treat _____

A

intal

allergies

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21
Q

parkinson disease is a progressive disease that affects ____ people in the US. it produces a variety of movement disorders called ____.

A

1.2 million

dyskinesias

22
Q

at the molecular level parkinson disease is due to the lack of ____ levels in the striatum of the brain, the extra pyramidal system that controls movement. this drug acts as an i______. This compound is produced by the ___ ___ cells in the striatum

A

dopamine
inhibitor
substantia nigra

23
Q

parkinsons cause is still unknown but in most cases it is probably due to environmental. two causes in very unique situations are

A

contamination of methyl fentanyl, a heroin-like street drug

cycad seed flour traditionally eaten on guam contains potent brain neurotoxin

24
Q

Dopamine itself cannot be given to treat parkinson, because it does not cross the ___ ___ ___ and it metabolized by __ and ____ in the go tract and liver. It is also an ____ ______ in the body causing tachycardia and hypertension

A

blood brain barrier
MAO and COMT
adrenergic agonist

25
Q

Dopamine can either help to increase the levels of it in the striatum or block the break of dopamine. this can be accomplished by the following methods

  1. give dopamine as a ___
  2. give dopamine as a ____ agonist.
  3. ihibit rate of dopamine metabolism
A

precursor

analog

26
Q

an enzyme calle ____ _____ converts L-dopa into dopamine before it would be able to pass the blood brain barrier. Thus L-dopa is combined with ______ which inhibits the ____ ____ which does not cross the blood brain barrier. This combination of the true drugs is marketed as _____

A

DOPA decarboxylase
carbidopa
DOPA decarboxylase
sinemet.

27
Q

maximal L-dopa efficacy takes several weeks to months to develop. in addition progressive loss of substantial nigra cells leads to loss of efficay. Efficacy of the drug usually deteriorates slowly after __-__ years of use

A

2-5

28
Q

dopamine agonist are…..

A

molecules which mite the action of dopamine.

29
Q

three common dopamine agonists are ….

A

mirapex
requip
parlodel

30
Q

these two drugs are approved for restless leg syndrome

A

mirapex requip

31
Q

this drug is used if the mother is not going to breast feed to dry her up

A

parlodel

32
Q

what is an inhibitor of dopamine metabolism`

A

selegiline

33
Q

Selegiline is an inhibitor of type ___ m_____ o_____ which metabolizes and inactivates dopamine only in the brain. this drug is used by itself and can be used with ____. common side effects are nausea and xerostomia. it has been approved in a patch form (——) for treating ____

A

B monoamine oxidase
sinemet
emsam
depression

34
Q

_______ promotes the release of dopamine from the striatum however it was only effective for a ____ or two. it was formerly commonly used to reduce ___ symptoms

A

Symmetrel
month
flu

35
Q

what are the three families of sedatives

A

(GHB) gamma hydroxybutyric acid
barbiturates
benzodiaepines

36
Q

all three families work by activating the chloride ion channel in neural membranes. they do so by activating ____ modulated chloride receptors. when GABA binds to a GABA receptor it opens a CL- specific ion channel in neural membranes allowing more chloride ion into the cell, which increases the negative potential on th inside of the membrane causing ____ in the post-synaptic membrane and inhibiting post-synaptic neuron firing

A

GABA

hyperpolarization

37
Q

GABA stimulation in the limbic system of the brain reduces ____; GABA stimulation in the cortical areas of the brain promotes ____; GABA in the hippocampus and cereal cortex induces _____. Often the same drug will relieve anxiety at low dosages and promote sleep at high dosages.

A

anxiety
sleep
amnesia

38
Q

_____ has a structure very similar to GABA and can bind to GABA recptors. Large does of this drug result in ___. This drug is legally prescribed for narcolepsy, its primary use is as an illegal date rape drug

A

GHB

sedation

39
Q

barbiturates were commonly used from ___ to ____ for anxeity and insomnia but their ____ therapeutic index due to respiratory depression has caused them to be replaced. Current uses include the treatment of seizures, induction of anesthesia and treatment of pain. Barbiturates work by directly stimulatlating the inhibitory GABA type ___ ___ as well as inhibiting certain types of ___ receptors. both actions cause a reduction in CNS activity

A

1912 to 1960
low
type chloride
glutamate

40
Q

___ is still used for treatment of seizures and it is a barbiturate

A

phenobarbital

41
Q

___ ____ is used for induction of anesthesia but has been replaced by proposal and this is what killed MJ

A

sodium pentothal

42
Q

______ and ____ are prescribed for headaches. the ____ can cause dependence and intoxication similar to alcohol consumption.

A

Fiorinal and Fioricet

butalbital

43
Q

benzodiazepines are ____ phillic therefore they pass through the Blood brain Barrier. They are used to treat ___ and ____

A

lipo
anxiety
insomnia

44
Q

Diazepam and lorazepam are also used for treating DT ____ _____ during alcohol withdraw and ____ ____ (continuous seizures). Versed is used for producing for producing amnesia during surgical procedures

A

delirium tremens

status epilepticus

45
Q

____ is used to treat anxiety and panic attacks. it is very habit forming and is #9 most commonly prescribed drug in the us

A

alprazolam or xanax

46
Q

______ is one of the most commonly used benzodiazepine. it is used for anxiety, alleviating the withdraw of alcoholics. it is also a common drug for treating status epileptics and nausea associated with chemo.

A

lorazepam or ativan

47
Q

_____ is commonly used in treatment of absence seizures, and has unlabelled use for schizophrenia, neuralgias and depression

A

clonazepam

48
Q

______ is commonly used to treat insomnia

A

temazepam

49
Q

_____ is occasionally used to treat anxiety before surgical or dental procedures, muscle spasticity. it can also be used IV for status epilepticus

A

Diazepam

50
Q

______was one of the first benzodiazepines on the market. It has rapid action but short duration, due to rapid absorption and metabolism. It is used for inducing sleep. Amnesia can be a problem. It is rarely prescribed anymore.

A

triazolam

51
Q

______is given IV before surgery or unpleasant medical procedures (colonoscopy, radiographic procedures) to produce sedation and amnesia.

A

versed or midazolam

52
Q

_____ is ten times as strong as Valium. It has been used to treat insomnia outside of the U.S. (It is not legal in the U.S.). “Roofies” are notorious as a “date-rape” drug.

A

Flunitrazepam

Pharamcology (12 decks)

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