week 4 Flashcards
(19 cards)
How does stress impact the nervous system?
Stress activates the sympathetic nervous system, leading to epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine release from the adrenal gland
What is the HPA axis, and what triggers it?
The Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis is activated by stress, starting at the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the hypothalamus, which releases CRF (corticotropin-releasing factor).
what happens after CRF is released in the HPA axis?
CRF causes the anterior pituitary gland to release ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone), which then signals the adrenal cortex to release cortisol.
what is cortisols role in stress and injury response?
Cortisol ensures high glucose levels for rapid response, helping survival after injury or threat.
What happens to the HPA axis in chronic pain?
The HPA axis is overactivated, causing cortisol imbalance, which can lead to muscle breakdown, bone loss, fatigue, and neural degeneration.
Always in state of panick, when panick cortisal is released
What are the negative effects of sustained cortisol release?
Muscle breakdown (myopathy), weakness, fatigue, bone decalcification, immune suppression, and hippocampal degeneration.
How is the HPA axis turned off?
A negative feedback loop suppresses CRF and ACTH production when the stressor is removed.
What roles do the hippocampus and amygdala play in HPA axis regulation?
Hippocampus: Inhibits the HPA axis.
Amygdala: Excites the HPA axis.
How does CRF (type of hormone) affect peripheral pain mechanisms?
CRF activates mast cells (MC), leading to the release of cytokines and growth factors, which interact with nociceptors to amplify pain.
Acute pain is what?
A result of tissue injury but resolves once homeostatic balance is restored
How does the body respond to an acute threat or pain to maintain homeostasis?
1️⃣ Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS) Activation – Stress triggers the release of adrenaline and non-adrenaline from the adrenal gland.
2️⃣ HPA Axis Activation – The paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the hypothalamus releases CRF/H, signaling the anterior pituitary gland to release ACTH.
3️⃣ Cortisol Release – ACTH signals the adrenal cortex to release cortisol, maintaining high glucose levels for energy.
4️⃣ Neural Effects – Noradrenergic hormones act on excitatory interneurons and projection neurons, modulating pain perception.
5️⃣ Negative Feedback Loop – Once the threat subsides, cortisol suppresses CRF and ACTH production, turning off the HPA axis.
Maladaptive response is what?
adapting in a bad away
1. catasrophising (making everything a catastrophy, pain related worry)
2. Rumination (I cant stop thinking about it),
3. Helplessness (cant stip thinking about it),
4. Magnification (end of the world),
if you think like this you become really afraid and will lead to chronic implications. Now your brain goes hey weve experienced this before when you got up from a chair it hurt alot be careful now you become worried and the cycle continues
Part of chronic
What key psychological factors contibute to chronic pain?
Cognitive, affective, and behavioral events can enhance threat perception, worsening pain.
what is the fear avoidance model in chronic pain?
Fear of pain leads to avoidance of activities, hypervigilance, deconditioning, disability, and depression.
i stopped going shopping cause im scraed of falling over
What are the two responses to acute pain in kinesiophobia?
- Confrontation – Adaptive response.
- Avoidance – Maladaptive response, leading to reduced activity and prolonged disability.
How does self-efficacy influence chronic pain?
Higher self-efficacy is linked to lower pain and disability. Cognitive behavioral therapy can improve self-efficacy, leading to better outcomes.
What are the three key components of pain catastrophizing?
- Magnification – Exaggerating the threat of pain.
- Helplessness – Feeling powerless against pain.
- Rumination – Persistent focus on pain.
What are key DSM-V criteria for Major Depressive Disorder in chronic pain patients?
if you get 5/9 u r diagnosed with it
Depressed mood,
loss of interest,
weight/appetite change
sleep disturbances, fatigue,
feelings of worthlessness,
difficulty concentrating
recurrent thoughts of death
What self-report tools assess psychological factors in chronic pain?
Depression Anxiety Stress Scale
Pain Catastrophizing Scale
Pain Self-Efficacy Questionnaire
Brief Pain Inventory
Tampa Kinesiophobia Questionnaire
