WEEK 4 Flashcards
What is racialization?
The process of categorizing and assigning labels to individuals based on race, which is a social construct with no biological or scientific basis.
What is Crenshaw’s (1989) analytic framework?
Intersectionality, which explains how multiple identities (e.g., race, gender) affect treatment and discrimination.
When was slavery legal in Canada?
From 1628 to 1833.
How did slavery impact Black people’s mobility in Canada?
It regulated and limited social, political, and economic opportunities.
How has slavery contributed to the criminalization of Black women today?
There has been too little focus on how historical oppression has shaped their treatment in the CJS.
What is misogynoir?
The racial and gender-based oppression that specifically targets Black women.
How were enslaved Black women stereotyped?
As less than human, sexually available, and second-class citizens.
Why were Black women historically targeted for violence?
Rape was used as a tactic of power and control during colonial conquest. It was not viewed as a crime against them. Children conceived from rape were automatically enslaved.
What are the ongoing effects of these stereotypes?
Perpetuated stereotypes of Black women as different and unworthy. Led to forced sterilization in some periods. Contributed to the criminalization of Black women.
How does systemic racism affect socio-economic inequality?
It preserves socio-economic stratification and worsens social inequality.
What is the impact of intergenerational racism?
It leads to discrimination in health care, education, employment, and child and family services.
How were early feminist criminological theories flawed?
They were created by white women, for white women, excluding Black women’s experiences.
Who was the early focus of criminological theorizing?
Black men, rather than Black women.
How did anti-racist and Black feminist scholars expand criminological theories?
They introduced racial and gender-awareness and considered disability, sexuality, and other identities.
What does Critical Race Theory (CRT) argue?
Race is used to oppress and exploit people of color.
How is racism embedded in the criminal justice system?
It is ‘baked into’ laws and legal institutions, maintaining inequalities (e.g., pre-trial detention).
How do race and culture affect reporting of offenses?
Black, Indigenous, and people of color may hesitate to report crimes due to language barriers, lack of funding for programs, and fear of discrimination.
What is Critical Race Feminism (CRF)?
An offshoot of CRT that addresses the legal concerns of criminalized racialized women.
What are key beliefs of Critical Race Feminism?
Race is socially constructed. Racism is everywhere and intersects with other forms of oppression. Black and racialized women’s voices must be included in research.
How does CRF challenge stereotypes?
By presenting narratives that counter stereotypes and demanding action and commitment to change.
What does Black Canadian Feminist Criminology focus on?
Understanding how structural and institutional oppression (racism, sexism) affect Black and racialized women in the CJS.
How does it counteract ‘othering’?
By centering Black women’s experiences and allowing them to self-define their identities.
How does racial bias appear in policing?
Black people face racial profiling and over-policing.
How does racial bias affect Black people in courts?
Black accused individuals spend more time in remand than white accused.
