WEEK 4- 17TH CENTURY ART

Question 1

Council of Trent, 1545-63:

Answer 1

The Council of Trent, held between 1545 and 1563 in Trent, was the 19th ecumenical council of the Catholic Church. Prompted by the Protestant Reformation, it has been described as the embodiment of the Counter-Reformation.

Question 2

Counter Reformation/ Catholic Reformation:

Answer 2

The Counter-Reformation, also called the Catholic Reformation or the Catholic Revival, was the period of Catholic resurgence that was initiated in response to the Protestant Reformation. It began with the Council of Trent and largely ended with the conclusion of the European wars of religion in 1648

Question 3

St. Ignatius of Loyola: Society of Jesus, Jesuits-

Answer 3

The Society of Jesus is a religious order of the Catholic Church headquartered in Rome. It was founded by Ignatius of Loyola and six companions with the approval of Pope Paul III in 1540. The members are called Jesuits. The society is engaged in evangelization and apostolic ministry in 112 nations.

Question 4

Carracci Academy

Answer 4

The Carracci (/kəˈrɑːtʃi/ kə-RAH-chee, also UK: /kəˈrætʃi/ kə-RATCH-ee,[1][2] Italian: [karˈrattʃi]) were a Bolognese family of artists that played an instrumental role in bringing forth the Baroque style in painting. Brothers Annibale (1560–1609) and Agostino (1557–1602) along with their cousin Ludovico (1555–1619) worked collaboratively. The Carracci family left their legacy in art theory by starting a school for artists in 1582. The school was called the Accademia degli Incamminati, and its main focus was to oppose and challenge Mannerist artistic practices and principles in order to create a renewed art of naturalism and expressive persuasion.

Question 5

Carracci-

Answer 5

Annibale Carracci was an Italian painter and instructor, active in Bologna and later in Rome. Along with his brother and cousin, Annibale was one of the progenitors, if not founders of a leading strand.

Question 6

Amor Vincit Omnia

Answer 6

(“Love Conquers All”, known in English by a variety of names including Amor Victorious, Victorious Cupid, Love Triumphant, Love Victorious, or Earthly Love) is a painting by the Italian Baroque artist Caravaggio.

Question 7

quadro riportato

Answer 7

Quadro riportato is the Italian phrase for “carried picture” or “transported paintings”. It is used in art to describe gold-framed easel paintings or framed paintings that are seen in a normal perspective and painted into a fresco.

Question 8

Classicism

Answer 8

Classicism, in the arts, refers generally to a high regard for a classical period, classical antiquity in the Western tradition, as setting standards for taste which the classicists seek to emulate.

Question 9

Tenebroso

Answer 9

Tenebrism, in the history of Western painting, the use of extreme contrasts of light and dark in figurative compositions to heighten their dramatic effect. (The term is derived from the Latin tenebrae, “darkness.”) In tenebrist paintings, the figures are often portrayed against a background of intense darkness, but the figures themselves are illuminated by a bright, searching light that sets off their three-dimensional forms by a harsh but exquisitely controlled chiaroscuro. The technique was introduced by the Italian painter Caravaggio (1571–1610) and was taken up in the early 17th century by painters influenced by him, including the French painter Georges de La Tour, the Dutch painters Gerrit van Honthorst and Hendrik Terbrugghen, and the Spanish painter Francisco de Zurbarán.

Question 10

caravaggismo/ caravaggisti-

Answer 10

The Caravaggisti were stylistic followers of the late 16th-century Italian Baroque painter Caravaggio. His influence on the new Baroque style that eventually emerged from Mannerism was profound. Caravaggio never established a workshop as most other painters did, and thus had no school to spread his techniques.

Question 11

Quadratura

Answer 11

Illusionistic ceiling painting, which includes the techniques of perspective di sotto in sù and quadratura, is the tradition in Renaissance, Baroque and Rococo art in which trompe l’oeil, perspective

Question 12

dal sotto in sù

Answer 12

Term applied to extreme foreshortening and perspective in a ceiling or fresco painting. It creates the illusion that figures and objects are suspended above the viewer in space and not confined to the picture plane.

Question 13

Giant/ colossal order

Answer 13

In classical architecture, a giant order, also known as colossal order, is an order whose columns or pilasters span two storeys. At the same time, smaller orders may feature in arcades or window and door framings within the storeys that are embraced by the giant order.

Question 14

Concetto

Answer 14

Italian, meaning concept, conceit or idea. It is the controlling image or idea informing a work of art. According to Italian theorists of the Renaissance and beyond, the concetto exists as both a divine idea and as an image in an artist’s soul. The artist must make that inner image concrete.

Question 15

Bel composto

Answer 15

Skilled in a variety of arts, Gian Lorenzo Bernini incorporated his knowledge of theater to perfect the Baroque concept of the bel composto, meaning the beautiful whole or the effortless and harmonious synthesis of the arts of sculpture, architecture and painting.

Question 16

Pan-European Baroque

Answer 16

It is a style most closely associated with the art and architecture of Italy; however, it is recognized as a pan-European phenomenon, which more recently has also been applied to the arts of Spanish colonies. … The “Baroque” was not applied to designate a particular style or period of art until the mid-19th century

Question 17

Iconoclasm

Answer 17

Iconoclasm is the social belief in the importance of the destruction of icons and other images or monuments, most frequently for religious or political reasons.

Question 18

The Dutch Republic

Answer 18

The United Provinces of the Netherlands, or United Provinces, commonly referred to in historiography as the Dutch Republic, was a federal republic which existed from 1581 to 1795. It was a predecessor state of the Netherlands and the first fully independent Dutch nation state.

Question 19

camera obscura

Answer 19

Camera obscura, also referred to as pinhole image, is the natural optical phenomenon that occurs when an image of a scene at the other side of a screen is projected through a small hole in that screen as a reversed and inverted image on a surface opposite to the opening.

Question 20

Fijnschilder

Answer 20

The Fijnschilders, also called the Leiden Fijnschilders, were Dutch Golden Age painters who, from about 1630 to 1710, strove to create as natural a reproduction of reality as possible in their meticulously executed, often small-scale works.

Question 21

Vanitas

Answer 21

A vanitas is a symbolic work of art showing the transience of life, the futility of pleasure, and the certainty of death, often contrasting symbols of wealth and symbols of ephemerality and death.

Question 22

French classicism

Answer 22

Classicism, in the arts, refers generally to a high regard for a classical period, classical antiquity in the Western tradition, as setting standards for taste which the classicists seek to emulate.

Question 23

classical landscape

Answer 23

In a classical landscape the positioning of objects was contrived; every tree, rock, or animal was carefully placed to present a harmonious, balanced, and timeless mood. The classical landscape was perfected by French artists Nicolas Poussin and Claude Lorrain.

Question 24

Pendants

Answer 24

In art, a pendant is one of two paintings, statues, reliefs or other type of works of art intended as a pair. Typically, pendants are related thematically to each other and are displayed in close proximity.