WEEK 3- 16TH CENTURY

Question 1

Sfumato

Answer 1

the technique of allowing tones and colors to shade gradually into one another, producing softened outlines or hazy forms.

Question 2

Martyrium

Answer 2

Term referring to a site that bears witness to the Christian faith, such as a significant event in the life and Passion of Christ, the tomb of a saint or martyr, and his or her place of suffering or testimony. It is also used to mean the structure erected over such a site.

Question 3

Central Plan

Answer 3

Central-plan building. any structure designed with a primary central space surrounded by symmetrical areas on each side; also called a greek-cross plan. Apse. a domed or vaulted recess or projection on a building especially the east end of a church.

Question 4

Tuscan Doric Order

Answer 4

The Tuscan order is a Roman adaptation of the Doric. The Tuscan has an unfluted shaft and a simple echinus-abacus capital. It is similar in proportion and profile to the Roman Doric but is much plainer. The column is seven diameters high. This order is the most solid in appearance of all the orders.

Question 5

Greek cross plan

Answer 5

Greek-cross plan, church plan in the form of a Greek cross, with a square central mass and four arms of equal length. … The Greek-cross plan was widely used in Byzantine architecture and in Western churches inspired by Byzantine examples. See church (architecture).

Question 6

Guidizio Dell’occhio

Answer 6

good judgment of the eye (“giudizio. dell’ occhio”), and this, in part, was an intuitive. sense of proper proportions and an ability. to create a harmonious and balanced com

Question 7

Psychological Cross Referencing

Answer 7

In art, the figures are seen physically and psychologically engaged while cross referencing each other.

Question 8

Diesgno

Answer 8

Disegno, from the Italian word for drawing or design, carries a more complex meaning in art, involving both the ability to make the drawing and the intellectual capacity to invent the design

Question 9

Eclecticism

Answer 9

In general, the term describes the combination in a single work of a variety of influences—mainly of elements from different historical styles in architecture, painting, and the graphic and decorative arts. … In music the term used may be either eclecticism or polystylism

Question 10

Cassone

Answer 10

Cassone is the term given to large decorated chests made in Italy from the fourteenth to the sixteenth centuries. … Often commissioned by the groom in marriage, a cassone was prominently carried in the nuptial procession, laden with the dowry of his new bride.

Question 11

Maniera

Answer 11

Maniera, (Italian: “manner,” “style”) in art criticism, certain stylistic characteristics, primarily in Mannerist painting (see Mannerism). In the 14th and 15th centuries, manière in France and maniera in Italy designated refined, courtly manners and sophisticated bearing.

Question 12

Desaturation Modeling

Answer 12

These artists are referring to color that has a decreased saturation or has been desaturated. Desaturation is not a term you’ll find in the dictionary but is used often by artists. Desaturation is a term used to describe color that is less than saturated, color that has been dulled down.

Question 13

Allegorical figure

Answer 13

An allegory is the description of a subject in the guise of another subject. An allegorical painting might include figures emblematic of different emotional states of mind – for example envy or love – or personifying other abstract concepts, such as sight, glory, beauty, Revolution, or France.
spatial compression

Question 14

Protestant Reformation

Answer 14

Reformation art embraced Protestant values , although the amount of religious art produced in Protestant countries was hugely reduced. Instead, many artists in Protestant countries diversified into secular forms of art like history painting, landscapes, portraiture, and still life

Question 15

Martin Luther

Answer 15

Martin Luther, O.S.A. was a German professor of theology, priest, author, composer, Augustinian monk, and a seminal figure in the Reformation. Luther was ordained to the priesthood in 1507.

Question 16

Lutheranism

Answer 16

Lutheran art consists of all religious art produced for Lutherans and the Lutheran Churches. … Artwork in the Lutheran Churches arose as a distinct marker of the faith during the Reformation era and attempted to illustrate, supplement and portray in tangible form the teachings of Lutheran theology

Question 17

95 Theses

Answer 17

The Ninety-five Theses or Disputation on the Power and Efficacy of Indulgences is a list of propositions for an academic disputation written in 1517 by Martin Luther, professor of moral theology at the University of Wittenberg, Germany.

Question 18

John Calvin

Answer 18

John Calvin was a French theologian, pastor and reformer in Geneva during the Protestant Reformation.

Question 19

Calvinism

Answer 19

Calvinism is a major branch of Protestantism that follows the theological tradition and forms of Christian practice set down by John Calvin and other Reformation-era theologians. Calvinists broke from the Roman Catholic Church in the 16th century.

Question 20

Polyptych

Answer 20

A polyptych is a painting which is divided into sections, or panels. Specifically, a “diptych” is a two-part work of art; a “triptych” is a three-part work; a tetraptych or quadriptych has four parts; pentaptych five; hexaptych six; heptaptych seven; octaptych eight parts; enneaptych nine; and decaptych has ten parts.

Question 21

Polychromy

Answer 21

Polychrome is the “practice of decorating architectural elements, sculpture, etc., in a variety of colors.” The term is used to refer to certain styles of architecture, pottery or sculpture in multiple colors

Question 22

Four Humors

Answer 22

In the ancient world, according to early physiology (developed by Hippocrates), Melancholy was one of the FOUR HUMOURS or fluid substances of the body which determined a person’s temperament and features.
The variant mixtures of these humours in different persons determined their “complexions,” or “temperaments,” their physical and mental qualities, and their dispositions.
The ideal person had the ideally proportioned mixture of the four
A predominance of one produced a person who was sanguine (Latin sanguis - “blood”), phlegmatic, choleric, or melancholic.
Each complexion had specific characteristics, and the words carried much weight that they have since lost: e.g., the choleric man was not only quick to anger but also yellow-faced, lean, hairy, proud, ambitious, revengeful, and shrewd.
By extension, “humour” in the 16th century came to denote an unbalanced mental condition, a mood or unreasonable caprice, or a fixed folly or vice

The Four Humours

1. Blood Sanguine optimistic, cheerful jovial Air
2. Phlegm mucus Phlegmatic calm, sluggish apathetic Water
3. Yellow Bile secreted by the liver Choleric bad-tempered irritable, bilious Fire
4. Black Bile secreted by the kidneys Melancholic sad, dejected depressed, unhappy Earth

Question 23

Reconquista

Answer 23

The Reconquista (Spanish and Portuguese for the “reconquest”) is the period of history of the Iberian Peninsula spanning approximately 770 years between the Islamic conquest of Hispania in 711 and the fall of the last Islamic state in Iberia at Granada to the expanding Christian kingdoms in 1492. The Reconquista ended just before the European discovery of the Americas—the “New World”—which ushered in the era of the Portuguese and Spanish colonial empires.

Question 24

Estilo Desornamentado

Answer 24

Term used to describe a phase in Spanish architecture in the 16th century and the early 17th, which developed in reaction to the excessive decoration of the Plateresque style. Emphasis was placed on the correct use of Classical orders, the composition of masses, walls and spaces and contemporary Italian practice. Estilo desornamentado owed much to the influence of Italian and Portuguese military engineers and to the anti-decorative functionalism of the first Jesuits. Starting in the 1540s, it reached its summit with Juan de Herrera’s work (1563–84) at the Escorial (see Escorial, §2), spreading thereafter throughout almost all of Spain (except Andalusia) and differing from the Portuguese Estilo chão (‘plain style’) in that it enjoyed less freedom from academic rules and the styles derived from Italy.

Question 25

Genre Scene

Answer 25

Genre art is the pictorial representation in any of various media of scenes or events from everyday life, such as markets, domestic settings, interiors, parties, inn scenes, and street scenes. Such representations may be realistic, imagined, or romanticized by the artist