Week 4

Question 1

Head-sparing

Answer 1

preserves brain weight over body weight when calorie intake dips

Question 2

Experience-expectant brain growth

Answer 2

Basic experiences are necessary for the brain to grow normally. All babies’ brains need things to see and hear, objects to manipulate, people to love

Question 3

Experience-dependent brain growth

Answer 3

Human brains are also plastic (can be molded). Neural connections grow in response to experiences that vary by culture

Question 4

Naming explosion

Answer 4

child’s vocabulary spurts once 50 words are mastered. 21-month-olds say 2x as many words (often nouns) as 18-month olds.

Question 5

typical weight at 24 months of age, compared to weight at birth

Answer 5

they triple their birth weight

Question 6

percentage of adult brain weight a) at birth and b) at 24 months:

Answer 6

Brain at birth = 25% of adult weight
Brain at age 2= 75% of adult weight

Question 7

When calorie intake temporarily decreases, how does “head-sparing” protect the baby?

Answer 7

when other parts of the body develop slower, the brain still develops at a normal rate

Question 8

Know the difference between experience-expectant brain growth and experience-dependent brain growth. Which type is universally necessary for normal brain growth? Which type is associated with brain plasticity and cultural influences?

Answer 8

Experience-expectant brain growth for normal brain growth, experience dependent brain growth is associated with brain plasticity and cultural influences

Question 9

0-2 months gross motor skills

Answer 9

lifting head and pushing onto forearms on stomach

Question 10

3-5 months gross motor skills

Answer 10

tripod position, rolling belly to back

Question 11

6-8 months gross motor skills

Answer 11

rolls back to belly, crawls, uses support to stand

Question 12

12-14 months gross motor skills

Answer 12

sit and squat to stand, starts walking and creeping up stairs

Question 13

15-18 months gross motor skills

Answer 13

stairs, walking backwards

Question 14

19-24 months gross motor skills

Answer 14

immature running and ascending stairs with step to pattern

Question 15

0-2 months fine motor skills

Answer 15

closes fingers with tight grasp, briefly grab rattle, bring hands to mouth

Question 16

3-5 months gross motor skills

Answer 16

ulnar palmar grasp to hold things, pulls on strings

Question 17

6-8 months fine motor skills

Answer 17

moves rattle, raking movement, palmar grip

Question 18

12-14 months fine motor skills

Answer 18

attempts to use spoon, learns pincer grasp

Question 19

15-18 months fine motor skills

Answer 19

stacking cubes, digital pronate grip on marker

Question 20

19-24 months fine motor skills

Answer 20

stacking more cubes, drawing vertical line, turning large pages

Question 21

language at 3 months

Answer 21

3 letter work trick - “coo” - coos, cries, smiles

Question 22

language at 6 months

Answer 22

6 letter word trick - “babble”

Question 23

language at 9 months

Answer 23

9 letter word trick - “imitation” - imitates sounds and speech, babbles longer strings of sounds

Question 24

language at 12 months

Answer 24

word trick “1-2 words” - meaningful use of mama and dada

Question 25

language at 18 months

Answer 25

work trick - “18 words” - 10-20 words, repeats words heard

Question 26

2 years

Answer 26

2 word phrases, vocabulary of 50 words +

Question 27

3 theories of language learning

Answer 27

Theory One: Infants need to be taught to use words
B. F. Skinner’s behavioral theory

Theory Two: Social impulses foster language learning
Only humans learn language to join the social world
Language learning is more effective from books than from videos

Theory Three: Babies are born with a genetic “language acquisition device” (LAD), pruned after the sensitive language learning period
We’re genetically programmed to learn our first language and its structure
Noam Chomsky’s linguistic theory

Question 28

critical period in Kuhl’s study when babies could recognize and absorb the sound of a second language

Answer 28

0-1 years old, but particularly at 10-12 months

Question 29

what happened when babies in the critical period watched videos in the second language on tv?

Answer 29

they did not learn anything / absorb statistics