Week 2

Question 1

Ethnic group/Ethnicity

Answer 1

share ancestry & often have similar national origins, religion, & language

Question 2

Race

Answer 2

A social (not a genetic) construct (concept)

Question 3

Plasticity

Answer 3

People can change over time, New behavior depends partly on what has already happened

Question 4

Psychoanalytic theory of development:

Answer 4

Freud Proposed five psychosexual stages during which sensual satisfaction is linked to developmental needs and conflicts
- Oral stage (birth to 12-18 months)
- Anal stage (12-18 months to 3 years)
- Phallic stage (inc. Oedipus & Electra complexes) (3 to 5-6 years)
- Latency (an interlude: 5-6 years to adolescence)
- Genital stage (adolescence to adulthood)
* Suggested that early conflict resolution determines personality patterns
* Each of the first three stages (1,2,3) is characterized by sexual pleasure centered on a particular part of the body

Question 5

Behavioral theory of development

Answer 5

people learn through interaction with their environment, such as classical and operant conditioning

Question 6

Classical conditioning

Answer 6

pavlov, Learning process: Learning occurs through association
Result: Neural stimulus becomes conditioned response (think abt dog salivation w bell)

Question 7

Operant conditioning

Answer 7

Skinner: Learning process: Learning occurs through reinforcement and punishment.
Result: Weak or rare responses become strong and frequent—or unwanted responses become extinct.

Question 8

Reinforcement

Answer 8

A consequence (something added) that follows a behavior and makes the person (or animal) want to repeat, or to avoid, that behavior

Question 9

Social learning theory

Answer 9

Humans learn from observing & imitating others (role models), even without reinforcement
- Bandura’s “Bobo Doll” experiment (early 1960s)

Question 10

Cognitive theory

Answer 10

Jean Piaget
- How people think changes with maturation & experience
- How we think influences what we do
- Cognitive development occurs in four major, age-related, periods (stages)
- Intellectual advancement occurs because humans seek cognitive equilibrium (mental balance)

Question 11

4 basic characteristics of lifespan perspective

Answer 11

multi-directional, multi-contextual, multi-cultural, and plastic

Question 12

Erikson’s psychosocial theory

Answer 12

• trust vs mistrust 0-2
• autonomy vs doubt 2-4
• initiative vs guilt 4-5
• industry vs inferiority 5-12
• identity vs role confusion 12-19
• intimacy vs isolation 20-40 years
• generativity vs. stagnation 40-65
• integrity vs despair (65-death)

Question 13

trust vs mistrust

Answer 13

“can i trust the world?”
with success, children trust the world and people who care for them. With failure, children have mistrust for the world and don’t believe others are dependable

Question 14

Piaget’s 4 stages of development

Answer 14

• sensorimotor (0-2): object permanence is developed
• preoperational (2-6): conservation is developed, egocentrism
• concrete operational (6-11): logic attached to concrete situations
• formal operational (11+): hypothetical, counterfactual, abstract, and logical thinking. reasoning, strategy, and planning are possible.