Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PS122 - Psychology in Context > Week 4 > Flashcards

Week 4 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Psychology 101 flashcards GRE® Psychology flashcards AP® Psychology flashcards
1
Q

Early philosophers

A
  • First big ideas about mind and science
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Enlightenment

A
  • Growing questions about mind, mechanism, empiricism
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Early psychologists

A
  • How to be experimentalists
  • Study perception, consciousness, intelligence
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Psychoanalysts

A
  • The importance of the unconscious, inner conflict
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Behaviourists

A
  • No more mind silliness
  • Behaviour only
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Cognitive revolution

A
  • The mind is back in psychology
  • Study as information processing
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Paradigm shift

A
  • Dominant schools of thought about how to study the mind scientifically have changed
  • Zeitgeists
  • Often periods of upheaval, revolution
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Reproducibility

A
  • The extent to which consistent results are observed when scientific studies are repeated
  • Major demarcation between science and pseudo-science
  • Scientific claims should not gain credence by virtue of status/authority of their originator
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Science

A
  • Systematic observation
  • Ruthless peer review
  • Considers all evidence
  • Invites criticism
  • Repeated results
  • Limited claims
  • Specific terms, operational definitions
  • Engages community
  • Changes with new evidence
  • Follows evidence where it leads
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Pseudoscience

A
  • Anecdotal evidence
  • No peer review
  • Considers only positive evidence
  • Dismisses criticism
  • Non-repeatable results
  • Grandiose claims
  • Vague terms and ideas – science-y jargon
  • Isolated
  • Dogmatic and unyielding
  • Starts with a conclusion, works back to confirm
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How to collect data

A
  • Generate a hypothesis
  • Is it interesting
  • Collect some data
  • Maybe the first study doesn’t work so you fix it by changing some variables
  • Repeat step 3 until you have enough studies to publish
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Stapel – 2010

A
  • Prolific Dutch Social psychologist was investigated for fraud
  • He often supplied the data to his grad students
  • His grad students working in the lab remarked that stats for different studies showed similar means and SDs
  • After investigation, admitting his fraud and found 25 published papers were based on fabricated data
  • 58 papers were retracted
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Daryll Bem

A
  • ESP study
  • Claimed people had precognition
  • Picking between pictures behind curtains
  • The study had issues of reproduction
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Common bad research practices

A
  • Stopping data collection once p is smaller than .05
  • Analyse many measures but only report significant ones
  • Collect and analyse many conditions but only report significant
  • Using covariates to get significance
  • Excluding participants
  • Transforming data to get p<.05
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Open science collaboration

A
  • 100 replications of pieces of research from 3 prominent journals
  • Formed in 2011 with around 60 members
  • Grew to 270 scientists from over 50 countries
  • 97% of original studies reported significant effects
  • 36% of replications had significant effects in the same direction
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Replication crisis factors – how did the crisis happen

A
  • Enormous pressure and incentive to produce many papers
  • Over-interest in counter-intuitive findings as sexy
  • Confirmation biases by researchers promoting questionable research practices
  • Lack of accountability and transparency
17
Q

Confirmation bias

A
  • Tendency to seek out information that verifies your theory (validation)
  • And not seek out information that falsifies your theory (falsification)
18
Q

Drawbacks of the replication crisis

A
  • Failed replications may be the new trend
  • It creates a culture of paranoia and moral righteousness
19
Q

Dan Gilbert – reaction to the crisis

A
  • So-called replicators are shameless little bullies and second stringers
20
Q

Power pose replication crisis

A
  • Carney, Cuddy and Yap 2010
  • As evidence has come in over these past 2+ years
  • My views have updated to reflect the evidence
  • I do not believe that power pose effects are real
21
Q

Schnall replication crisis

A
  • One of her major papers failed to be replicated
  • Schnall wrote a response commenting on damage to her career
  • Roberts commented that damage to her career was less important than the PhDs she ruined for being honest
22
Q

Increase replication

A
  • We must ensure that findings are robust and replicable
  • Direct/conceptual replications should be a part of research pipeline
23
Q

Beware P-hacking

A
  • Exploring researcher degrees of freedom to find a significant effect on
  • Changing degrees of freedom to find a significant effect
  • Implicit bias or explicit data manipulation
24
Q

Definitions of power

A
  • The probability of finding an effect in your study if the effect is real
  • The probability that a test of significance will detect a possible deviation from the null hypothesis, should such a deviation exist
  • The probability of avoiding a type 2 error
25
Q

Boost your power

A
  • Studies can be underpowered
  • Due to misunderstanding of power
  • Large studies are more expensive and time-consuming
  • We need to publish more papers, more frequently
26
Q

How do you increase power

A
  • Larger sample sizes
27
Q

Open data principles

A
  • Making data, materials and analysis available online
  • So that others can replicate, check and reproduce your work
28
Q

Confirmatory/exploratory research

A
  • Confirmatory – hypothesis testing
  • Exploratory – studying around the topic
  • Exploratory research is okay
  • But must not be presented as confirmatory
  • Should be followed by confirmatory
29
Q

HARK-ing

A
  • Hypothesising after results are known
30
Q

How to conduct confirmatory research

A
  • Decide study details a priori
  • Hypotheses to test, number of subjects, conditions, DVs
  • Only then start recruiting
  • Pre-register your study
31
Q

Open science practices in teaching

A
  • Ensure the next generation moves on from the reproducibility crisis
  • Teach the importance of conducting well-powered studies
  • Encourage critical evaluation of published studies in terms of open science practices
  • Open science practice leads to more reliable, reproducible science
32
Q

Open science practices as reviewers

A
  • Signatories will not offer comprehensive review for any manuscript that does not meet the minimum requirements
  • Neither will they recommend the publication
  • Stimuli and materials should be made publicly available
  • Data should be made publicly available
  • Documents containing details for interpreting any data files or analysis code should be made available
  • The location of all these files should be advertised in the manuscript and all files should be hosted by a reliable third party
33
Q

Incentives for pursuit of new ideas

A
  • Publications, grant income, employment, promotion, tenure, fame
34
Q

Issues with rewarding science practices

A
  • Poor motivators
  • May prompt bad practices for fame
35
Q

Goals for reward open science practices

A
  • Be tolerant of lower output if doing correctly
  • Reward food practices for pre-registered studies regardless of outcome
  • Reward good practices for high powered studies
  • More time for research
36
Q

Solutions to the replicability crisis

A
  • More replications
  • Beware of p-hacking
  • Boost your power
  • Open data, open materials, open analysis
  • Conduct pre-registered confirmatory studies
  • Incorporate open science practices in teaches
  • Insist on open science practice as reviewers
  • Reward open science practices

PS122 - Psychology in Context (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions