Week 2 Flashcards
1
Q
Patient theory
A
- For most of history, people with mental/ psychological orders treated as possessed, treated inhumanely
- Pinel – pioneer in humane treatment of patients, classification of disorders
2
Q
Roots of Freudian theory
A
- After work with Charcot, Fliess and Breuer, Freud became convinced that mental illness was not just physiological, and that psychological treatment be effective
- Breuer’s talking cure was the seed for psychoanalysis
- Freud’s clinical work suggested that many neurotic symptoms could be traced to early traumas, unconscious in adult life, that affected the development of personality
- He abandoned an early theory of childhood seduction
- But he retained the idea that sexuality was a part of early parent-child relations
3
Q
Psychodynamic perspective
A
- Freud believed psychology influences caused disorders
- Wanted to see what these psychological influences were
4
Q
Psychoanalysis treatment process
A
Patients revealed painful, embarrassing thoughts in the unconscious – through talking, free association
- Once these memories were retrieved and released the patients would feel better
5
Q
Psychodynamic – parts of the mind
A
- The mind is like an iceberg
- Consciousness – what you are currently aware of
- Preconscious – information not in conscious but is able to be retrieved when needed
- Unconscious – massive amount hidden from view
6
Q
ID
A
- Primitive, unconscious portion of the personality
- Houses the most basic drives and stores repressed memories
- Pleasure principle
7
Q
Superego
A
- Mind’s storehouse of values, moral attitudes learned from parents and society
- Same as common notion of conscious
8
Q
Ego
A
- Conscious, rational part of the personality
- Charged with keeping peace between superego and id
9
Q
Eros and thanatos
A
- Love and death
- Eros drives us toward life and procreation
- Thanatos drives us to risk-seeking
10
Q
Unconscious influences
A
- Latent content of dreams
- Symbolic meaning of dream images
- What your unconscious mind is thinking
11
Q
Freudian slip
A
- Slip of the tongue
- Not something you meant to say
- But was brought out through your unconscious thought
12
Q
Psychoanalysis
A
- Freud’s system of treatment for mental disorders
- Believed we go about our daily business without knowing the real motives behind our behaviour
13
Q
Hypnotherapy
A
- Franz Anton mesmer - Mesmerism
- Jean-Martin Charcot - Neurologist who used hypnosis on patients
- Joseph Breuer - Could reduce severity of symptoms
14
Q
The talking cure
A
- With James Breuer developed the talking cure
- First used on Anna O
- Patient with hysteria
- Talking about disturbing memories from part alleviated the symptoms
- Talking releases repressed memories in unconscious
15
Q
Free association
A
- Developed by Carl Jung
- The person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing
16
Q
How does the ego negotiate between the id and the superego
A
- Clashes called intrapsychic or psychodynamic conflicts
- Psychic energy cannot be destroyed, only redistributed
- Cause stress and anxiety
- Ego tries to prevent anxiety, guilt and other unpleasant feelings
- Sometimes the ego helps us negotiate situations well
- And sometimes we use defence mechanisms
17
Q
Psychosexual development
A
- Personality formed during life’s first early few years
- Divided into psychosexual stages
- The id’s pleasure-seeking energies focus on pleasure sensitivity body areas called erogenous zones – the pleasure principle
- In each stage the child must get enough gratification to be able to move to the next stage
18
Q
Fixation
A
- Being stuck and struggling through a particular psychosexual stage
- You move on in life, but have issues that arise from the struggles during the stage
19
Q
The oral stage
A
- Birth to 18 months
- Focus on the mouth
- Pleasure is gained through sucking
- Eg breast feeding
- Fixation – smoker, bite fingernails, sexually attracted to large breasts
20
Q
The anal stage
A
- 18 months to 3 years
- Focus on the anus
- Pleasure gained from going to the toilet
- Eg potty training
- Anally retentive – fussy, overly tidy, OCD if punished during potty training
- Anally expulsive – messy, disorganised
21
Q
The phallic stage
A
- 3 to 6 years
- Focus on the genitals
- Exploration and interest in the genitals
- In Greek mythology – a phallic symbol is that of a male genital and deal with incestuous feelings
22
Q
Oedipus complex
A
- Young boys desire his mother
- Jealous of father for his mother’s attention and larger penis
- Fear father will castrate him
- State of conflict
- Give rise to development of superego
23
Q
Electra complex
A
- Starts to sexually desire her father who has a penis
- The girl begins to develop penis envy
- She blames her mother for removing her penis
- The girl sees her mother as a sexual rival for her father
- The superego develops, she replaces penis envy with desire for a baby
24
Q
Identification
A
- End of the phallic stage
- Children cope with the threatening feelings by repressing them and by identifying with the rival parent
- Through this process of identification, their superego gains strength incorporating parents’ values
25
Q
The latency stage
A
- 6 years to puberty
- The sexual drive remains dormant
- Focus on school
- Play mostly with same sex peers
- Until puberty begins
26
Q
The genital stage
A
- Adolescent and up
- Focus on genitals
- Begin to become attracted to the opposite sex
27
Q
Adult sexuality
A
- Feeling more comfortable with the mature understanding of what sex means and what it is about
- Comfort and maturity in expressing sexual feelings towards others
28
Q
Evaluating the science of psychodynamic theory
A
- Freud would say these images are the unconscious expression of psychodynamic influences
- is there science to support this
29
Q
Legacy of Freud – theoretical influence
A
- developed grand ideas with massive overall and overarching reach
- no longer influential in psychology, but in literature
30
Q
Legacy of Freud – therapeutic influence
A
- he didn’t invent the talking cure
- but popularised it as a treatment for psychology disorders
- still used today
31
Q
Legacy of Freud – personality stages and theory
A
- 1st comprehensive personality theory ever
32
Q
Legacy of Freud - Role of the Unconscious
A
- Freud’s theory pins itself to the unconscious
- There are many ways that the unconscious mind plays a pivotal role in human behaviour
33
Q
Alfred Adler
A
- Childhood tension – social in nature and not sexual
- A child struggles with inferiority complex during growth and strives for superiority and power
- Founder of individual psychology
- Studied inferiority complex
- Is recognised for making major breakthrough in that area of personality
34
Q
Inferiority complex
A
- Thought Freud emphasised on the unconscious too much
- There are conscious drives too
- Began early work with people with physical disabilities
- Observed that while some people with disabilities motivated to overcome, others felt defeated
- We gained confidence when we realise, we are able to meet external goals
- Those who do not learn this develop inferiority
35
Q
Kate Horney
A
- Sex and aggression are not the primary constituents for determining personality
- Social aspects of childhood growth and development – children trying to overcome sense of helplessness
- Founder of humanistic psychoanalysis and feminist psychology
36
Q
Tyranny of shoulds
A
- Karen Horney
- Influenced by growing up in 20th century Germany – high conformity
- Toxic social environments create unhealthy belief systems in people
- Shoulds – internalised beliefs from toxic environment
- Bargain with fate – we think we can control environment if we follow shoulds
- Real self (authentic desires) vs ideal self (should)
37
Q
Anna Freud
A
- The super ego becomes clear only when it confronts the ego with hostility
- Super ego speaks with language of guilt and shame
- We hear the super ego when we berate ourselves
38
Q
Defence mechanisms
A
- Methods used by the ego to unconsciously protect itself against anxiety
- Caused by conflict between id’s demands and superego’s constraints
- Only unhealthy when we cause self-defeating behaviour and emotional problems
39
Q
Carl Jung
A
- Collective unconscious which contained a common reservoir of images derived from our species past
- A psychotherapist who founded analytical psychology
- Concepts of the extraverted and introverted personality, archetypes and collective conscious
- Influential in psychiatry and in the study of religion, literature and related fields
- Disagrees with Freud over concepts of the unconscious
- Saw Fraud’s theory of the unconscious as incomplete and unnecessarily negative
40
Q
The collective unconscious
A
- Myths and symbols are strikingly similar across cultures
- Results from a shared knowledge and experience
- The memory of this shared experience is the collective unconscious
- Expressed as archetypes – symbols that organise behaviour patterns
41
Q
Carl Jung archetypes
A
- Wise old man
- The goddess
- The shadow
- The hero
- The trickster
- The animus
- The anima
- The persona – our public image
42
Q
Neo-Freudians
A
- Adler
- Freud
- Horney
- Jung
