(week 4) Flashcards
what is grice’s maxims of conversation?
grice’s conversational maxims were created by the british philosopher h. paul grice in the 1970s - grice’s conversational maxims, also known as the gricean maxims, based on grice’s cooperative principle, which aims to explain how people achieve effective communication in everyday situations - the 4 conversational maxims are: the maxims of quality, the maxim of quantity, the maxim of relevance, and the maxim of manner
what is grice’s cooperative principle?
a norm governing all cooperative interactive between humans - “make your contribution such as it is required, at the stage at which it occurs, byt the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are engages” (grice, 1989) - there seems to be a tendency to dwell to much on the term ‘cooperation’ rather than looking beyond the title of the principle to the motivation grice gave to the mechanism he had identified
what is a morpheme?
a short segment of language that meets three basic criteria: 1. it is a word or part of a word that 2. it cannot be divided into smaller meaningful segments without changing its meaning or leaving a meaningless remainder 3. it has relatively the same stable meaning in different verbal environments - a morpheme is a morphological unit of a language that cannot be further divided e.g. in, come, -ing, forming, incoming
competence vs. performance
performance is the actual use of that language by its native speakers - competence, by chomsky, refers to the native speaker’s knowledge of his language, the system of rules, his ability to produce and understand
what is encapsulation?
explains why the conscious field through in the service of adaptive action, contains contents that are not active-relevant, and why it has a first-person perspective and is so thorough in both contents and representation of spatial coordinates
what is parsing?
the assignment of the words in a sentence to their appropriate linguistic categories to allow understanding of what is being conveyed by the speaker
what is a modular?
jerry fodor - a system can be considered modular if its functions are made of multiple dimensions or units to some degree e.g., binding
what is a garden-path sentence?
a type of ambiguity in sentence construction where a reader is led toward the meaning that seems familiar or correct at first but turns out to be not the one intended
what is minimal attatchment?
the theory that listeners and readers initially attempt to interpret sentences in terms of the simplest syntactic structure consistent with the input that’s known at that moment
what is late closure?
is the principle that new words (or “incoming lexical items”) tend to be associated with the phrase or clause currently being processed rather than with structures rather back in the sentence - the principle of late-closure is one aspect of the syntax - first approach to parsing a sentence
what is incrementality?
the property or characteristics of being incremental - the amount of change cause by a small increment of input
what is a connotation?
a feeling or idea that is suggested by a particular word although it need to be a apart of the word’s meaning, or something suggested by an object or situation
what is a denotation?
the denotation of an expression is its literal meaning - for instance, the english word “warm” denotes the property of having high temperature - denotation is contrasted with other aspects of meaning including connotation
what is a reference (in frege’s sense)?
to ground his views about the relationship of logic and mathematics, frege conceived a comprehensive philosophy of language that many philosophers still find insightful - though recent scholarship suggests that frege borrowed a significant number of elements in his philosophy of language from the stoics
what is metonymy?
