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Neuroanatomy and Neurophysiology > Week 4 > Flashcards

Week 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Acquired

A

developed at any stage during life

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2
Q

Acute

A

recent in onset

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3
Q

Aetiology

A

cause of the illness/disease

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4
Q

Afferent

A

Information coming into the CNS

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5
Q

Arachnoid mater

A

middle layer - contains cerebral spinal fluid

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6
Q

Autonomic Nervous System

A

Involuntary - controls glands, organs and smooth muscle. Subdivided into sympathetic and parasympathetic

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7
Q

Axon

A

part of neuron - nerve fibre

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8
Q

Axon terminal

A

where neural information is transmitted to the next dendrite

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9
Q

Broca’s

A

Located in frontal lobe. Responsible for communication. Eg speech

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10
Q

Central Nervous System

A

(CNS) Comprised of brain, brainstem and spinal cord

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11
Q

Cerebral Hemispheres

A

Brain is divided into left and right hemispheres

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12
Q

Congenital

A

developed prior to birth

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13
Q

Contralateral

A

opposite sides. Ie left side controls right side of body and vice versa

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14
Q

Corpus callosum

A

Connects left and right hemispheres

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15
Q

Deep Senses

A

pressure, vibration, muscle pain, proprioception, muscle and joint length

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16
Q

Degenerative

A

worsening over time

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17
Q

Dendrite

A

Part of a neuron - submits message towards soma

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18
Q

Diagnosis

A

identification of the illness/disease

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19
Q

Diffuse

A

illness/injury over locations/spread

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20
Q

Dopamine

A

A neurotransmitter (chemical messenger) that helps transmit signals between nerve cells in the brain. It plays an important role in various brain functions such as movement, motivation, reward, and pleasure. Produced in the substantia nigra, the ventral tegmental area, and the hypothalamus.

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21
Q

Dura mater

A

tough fibrous (outer membrane)

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22
Q

Efferent

A

Information leaving the CNS

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23
Q

Epinephrine

A

Also known as adrenaline, is a hormone and neurotransmitter. It plays a crucial role in the body’s “fight or flight” response to stress, which is a physiological response that prepares the body to respond to a perceived threat or danger.
It increases heart rate, blood pressure, and blood glucose levels, and it also dilates the airways in the lungs, which allows for more oxygen to enter the body.

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24
Q

Extrinsic aetiology

A

injury to the nervous system from external injury

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25
Q

Fissures

A

deep divides. Ie between hemispheres

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26
Q

Focal

A

illness/injury is in a specific location

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27
Q

Formulation in the
nervous system

A

Formulating a response to a stimuli

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28
Q

Frontal lobe

A

Largest part of brain - controls executive function, behaviour. Contains motor cortex, olfactory bulb, Broca’s area

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29
Q

Gaba

A

an inhibitory neurotransmitter, meaning that it helps to reduce the activity of nerve cells in the brain and central nervous system. GABA is involved in regulating various brain functions, including anxiety, stress, sleep, and muscle tone.

30
Q

Glutamate

A

A neurotransmitter that plays a role in many different physiological processes, including learning, memory, and neuronal development. It is also involved in the regulation of appetite, and has been implicated in certain neurological disorders, such as epilepsy and Alzheimer’s disease.

31
Q

Grey Matter

A

Nerve cells (neurons)

32
Q

Gyrus/gyri

A

bump/mountain like structures in the brain

33
Q

Heschyl’s

A

located in temporal lobe, comprehension

34
Q

Insula

A

located deep within cerebrum. Responsible for taste, processing emotion, compassion, empathy, perception of self, cravings and addiction

35
Q

Interneuron

A

communicates with other neurons

36
Q

Intrinsic aetiology

A

from within the neurological system/nervous system

37
Q

Lobes

A

part of the brain - frontal, temporal, parietal, Occipital, insula

38
Q

Meninges

A

A covering around the CNS (PAD acronym)

39
Q

Motor neuron

A

communicates directly with muscle

40
Q

Motor strip/
pre-central gyrus

A

located anteriorly to central sulcus
responsible for voluntary movement

41
Q

Myelin

A

white fatty wrapping around neuronal axons - helps to transmit the information

42
Q

Neurons

A

Nerve cells
Primary function is to send neural information
Different types - Sensory neurons, interneurons, motor neurons

43
Q

Neuroplasticity

A

Ability of our nervous system to develop new pathways and change ways of learning

44
Q

Neurotransmitter

A

Molecules that help neurons communicate with target synapses. Released by neurons. Eg Dopamine, Gaba, Glutamate, Serotonin

45
Q

Norepinephrine

A

A neurotransmitter involved in the “fight or flight” response of the body. It plays a key role in regulating blood pressure, heart rate, and glucose metabolism. It also modulates attention, arousal, and mood, and is involved in the body’s response to stress.

46
Q

Occipital lobe

A

primary area for visual processing

47
Q

Parasympathetic

A

Inhibition - involuntary. Slowing of responses. Eg slowing down heart rate

48
Q

Parietal lobe

A

Comprehension of written information and cognition, phonological processing development

49
Q

Parkinson’s

A

A disorder of the CNS. Progressive degeneration with loss of cells that produce dopamine. Impacts movement. Eg involuntary movement (tremors and decreased mobility)

50
Q

Peripheral Nervous System

A

(PNS) Outside of CNS, 31 pairs spinal nerves, 12 pairs of cranial nerves and sensory receptors

51
Q

Pia mater

A

thin - adheres to brain

52
Q

Processing in the
nervous system

A

making sense of information

53
Q

Prognosis

A

trajectory/course of illness/disease

54
Q

Regulation in the
nervous system

A

The mechanisms and processes that maintain normal functioning

55
Q

Retitonic organisation

A

organisation of visual pathways according to retina

56
Q

Senses

A

Superficial senses
Deep senses
Special senses

57
Q

Sensory Neuron

A

Communicates sensory information

58
Q

Serotonin

A

a neurotransmitter that is involved in many physiological processes in the body, including mood regulation, sleep, appetite, and the regulation of certain functions of the cardiovascular, muscular, and endocrine systems. It is commonly associated with feelings of well-being, happiness, and contentment, and is sometimes referred to as the “happy hormone”.

59
Q

Somatic Nervous System

A

Voluntary. Eg conscious motor movement, production of sound

60
Q

Somatic organisation
(homunculus)

A

refers to the specific part of the body mapped to the CNS

61
Q

Special Senses

A

vision, hearing, smell, tase

62
Q

sulci

A

shallower divides. Eg dividing the lobes

63
Q

Superficial senses

A

Sensed on/at the body’s surface - pain, touch, temperature

64
Q

Sympathetic

A

Excitation - Involuntary. Known as fight or flight. Eg speeds up heart

65
Q

Synapses

A

Or synapse cleft - communication between two neurons

66
Q

Systemic aetiology

A

from other organs but disrupt neuromuscular function

67
Q

Temporal lobe

A

auditory and receptive language processing. Contains Heschl’s and Wernicke’s area

68
Q

Tonotopic organisation

A

organisations of sounds within auditory nerve

69
Q

Vascular aetiology

A

from the circular/vascular system

70
Q

Wernicke’s

A

located in temporal lobe, responsible for receptive language

71
Q

White matter

A

pathways (like insulation)

Neuroanatomy and Neurophysiology (4 decks)

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