Week 4 Flashcards
Acquired
developed at any stage during life
Acute
recent in onset
Aetiology
cause of the illness/disease
Afferent
Information coming into the CNS
Arachnoid mater
middle layer - contains cerebral spinal fluid
Autonomic Nervous System
Involuntary - controls glands, organs and smooth muscle. Subdivided into sympathetic and parasympathetic
Axon
part of neuron - nerve fibre
Axon terminal
where neural information is transmitted to the next dendrite
Broca’s
Located in frontal lobe. Responsible for communication. Eg speech
Central Nervous System
(CNS) Comprised of brain, brainstem and spinal cord
Cerebral Hemispheres
Brain is divided into left and right hemispheres
Congenital
developed prior to birth
Contralateral
opposite sides. Ie left side controls right side of body and vice versa
Corpus callosum
Connects left and right hemispheres
Deep Senses
pressure, vibration, muscle pain, proprioception, muscle and joint length
Degenerative
worsening over time
Dendrite
Part of a neuron - submits message towards soma
Diagnosis
identification of the illness/disease
Diffuse
illness/injury over locations/spread
Dopamine
A neurotransmitter (chemical messenger) that helps transmit signals between nerve cells in the brain. It plays an important role in various brain functions such as movement, motivation, reward, and pleasure. Produced in the substantia nigra, the ventral tegmental area, and the hypothalamus.
Dura mater
tough fibrous (outer membrane)
Efferent
Information leaving the CNS
Epinephrine
Also known as adrenaline, is a hormone and neurotransmitter. It plays a crucial role in the body’s “fight or flight” response to stress, which is a physiological response that prepares the body to respond to a perceived threat or danger.
It increases heart rate, blood pressure, and blood glucose levels, and it also dilates the airways in the lungs, which allows for more oxygen to enter the body.
Extrinsic aetiology
injury to the nervous system from external injury
Fissures
deep divides. Ie between hemispheres
Focal
illness/injury is in a specific location
Formulation in the
nervous system
Formulating a response to a stimuli
Frontal lobe
Largest part of brain - controls executive function, behaviour. Contains motor cortex, olfactory bulb, Broca’s area
Gaba
an inhibitory neurotransmitter, meaning that it helps to reduce the activity of nerve cells in the brain and central nervous system. GABA is involved in regulating various brain functions, including anxiety, stress, sleep, and muscle tone.
Glutamate
A neurotransmitter that plays a role in many different physiological processes, including learning, memory, and neuronal development. It is also involved in the regulation of appetite, and has been implicated in certain neurological disorders, such as epilepsy and Alzheimer’s disease.
Grey Matter
Nerve cells (neurons)
Gyrus/gyri
bump/mountain like structures in the brain
Heschyl’s
located in temporal lobe, comprehension
Insula
located deep within cerebrum. Responsible for taste, processing emotion, compassion, empathy, perception of self, cravings and addiction
Interneuron
communicates with other neurons
Intrinsic aetiology
from within the neurological system/nervous system
Lobes
part of the brain - frontal, temporal, parietal, Occipital, insula
Meninges
A covering around the CNS (PAD acronym)
Motor neuron
communicates directly with muscle
Motor strip/
pre-central gyrus
located anteriorly to central sulcus
responsible for voluntary movement
Myelin
white fatty wrapping around neuronal axons - helps to transmit the information
Neurons
Nerve cells
Primary function is to send neural information
Different types - Sensory neurons, interneurons, motor neurons
Neuroplasticity
Ability of our nervous system to develop new pathways and change ways of learning
Neurotransmitter
Molecules that help neurons communicate with target synapses. Released by neurons. Eg Dopamine, Gaba, Glutamate, Serotonin
Norepinephrine
A neurotransmitter involved in the “fight or flight” response of the body. It plays a key role in regulating blood pressure, heart rate, and glucose metabolism. It also modulates attention, arousal, and mood, and is involved in the body’s response to stress.
Occipital lobe
primary area for visual processing
Parasympathetic
Inhibition - involuntary. Slowing of responses. Eg slowing down heart rate
Parietal lobe
Comprehension of written information and cognition, phonological processing development
Parkinson’s
A disorder of the CNS. Progressive degeneration with loss of cells that produce dopamine. Impacts movement. Eg involuntary movement (tremors and decreased mobility)
Peripheral Nervous System
(PNS) Outside of CNS, 31 pairs spinal nerves, 12 pairs of cranial nerves and sensory receptors
Pia mater
thin - adheres to brain
Processing in the
nervous system
making sense of information
Prognosis
trajectory/course of illness/disease
Regulation in the
nervous system
The mechanisms and processes that maintain normal functioning
Retitonic organisation
organisation of visual pathways according to retina
Senses
Superficial senses
Deep senses
Special senses
Sensory Neuron
Communicates sensory information
Serotonin
a neurotransmitter that is involved in many physiological processes in the body, including mood regulation, sleep, appetite, and the regulation of certain functions of the cardiovascular, muscular, and endocrine systems. It is commonly associated with feelings of well-being, happiness, and contentment, and is sometimes referred to as the “happy hormone”.
Somatic Nervous System
Voluntary. Eg conscious motor movement, production of sound
Somatic organisation
(homunculus)
refers to the specific part of the body mapped to the CNS
Special Senses
vision, hearing, smell, tase
sulci
shallower divides. Eg dividing the lobes
Superficial senses
Sensed on/at the body’s surface - pain, touch, temperature
Sympathetic
Excitation - Involuntary. Known as fight or flight. Eg speeds up heart
Synapses
Or synapse cleft - communication between two neurons
Systemic aetiology
from other organs but disrupt neuromuscular function
Temporal lobe
auditory and receptive language processing. Contains Heschl’s and Wernicke’s area
Tonotopic organisation
organisations of sounds within auditory nerve
Vascular aetiology
from the circular/vascular system
Wernicke’s
located in temporal lobe, responsible for receptive language
White matter
pathways (like insulation)
