Week 4

Question 1

What is patient-reported outcome (PRO) and its features?

Answer 1

A PRO is a report of
the patient’s health
condition that comes
directly from the
patient without
interpretation by a
clinician or anyone
else.

Commonly focuses
on how patient feels
or functions.
Provides the 'patient
voice' in a clinical
trial or other study

Question 2

Why focus on Clinical outcome assessments?

Answer 2

• Common in mental health research
• In psychiatric epidemiology COAs are used to:
• Define cases
• Evaluate efficacy or effectiveness

Question 3

What is content validity?

Answer 3

To demonstrate that the items and the response options are easily understood,
relevant and fully capture the concept of interest

Question 4

What is CONSORT extension?

Answer 4

The CONSORT statement aims to improve the reporting of RCTs

Question 5

What is validity and reliability?

Answer 5

Validity is measuring the right thing

• Reliability is measuring the thing right

Question 6

Why reliability is important?

Answer 6

To ensure that the instrument yields consistent, reproducible scores
• Error can be described as the inverse of reliability. We know that there will be
some measurement error in our assessments, so we want to evaluate how to
minimise this error as much as possible

Question 7

What is internal consistency reliability?

Answer 7

To ensure that a set of item scores measure a single underlying construct

Question 8

What is test-restest reliability?

Answer 8

To confirm that scores on the instrument are stable over time when the concept of
interest is unchanged

Question 9

What is inter-rater reliability?

Answer 9

To confirm that scores on the instrument are stable over raters using the
instrument to rate the same individual

Question 10

What is validity?

Answer 10

To evaluate the extent to which a scale measures what it intends to measure

Question 11

what is construct validity?

Answer 11

To demonstrate that scores produced by the instrument are related to other items,
instruments, or subject characteristics in a hypothesized manner

Question 12

What is diagnostic accuracy?

Answer 12

The “diagnostic validity” of a test refers to the test’s ability to differentiate persons with and without a specified disorder.

Question 13

What is sensitivity?

Answer 13

the ability of a test to correctly identify patients with a disease

Question 14

What is specificity?

Answer 14

the ability of a test to correctly identify people without the disease.

Question 15

what is positive predictive value?

Answer 15

is the probability that subjects with a positive screening test truly have the disease.

Question 16

what is negative predictive value?

Answer 16

is the probability that subjects with a negative screening test truly don’t have the disease.