Week 30 / Muscle, Joints & Bones -3 Flashcards
🧠 Question: What is the primary function of the appendicular skeleton?
✅ Answer: The primary function of the appendicular skeleton is movement.
🧠 Question: What bones are included in the appendicular skeleton?
✅ Answer: The appendicular skeleton includes the bones of the upper and lower limbs.
🧠 Question: What is the role of the girdles in the appendicular skeleton?
✅ Answer: The girdles attach the limbs to the axial skeleton.
The pectoral girdle attaches the upper limbs to the trunk.
The pelvic girdle attaches the lower limbs to the trunk.
🧠 Question: How do the upper and lower limbs differ in function?
✅ Answer: The upper and lower limbs differ in function but share the same structural plan.
🧠 Question: What bones make up the pectoral (shoulder) girdle?
✅ Answer: The pectoral girdle consists of the clavicle and the scapula.
🧠 Question: How do the pectoral girdles connect to the body?
✅ Answer:
The medial end of each clavicle articulates with the manubrium and first rib.
The lateral ends of the clavicles join the scapulae.
The scapulae do not join each other or the axial skeleton.
🧠 Question: Do the pectoral girdles completely encircle the body?
✅ Answer: No, the pectoral girdles do not completely encircle the body.
🧠 Question: What is the function of the pectoral (shoulder) girdle?
✅ Answer: The pectoral girdle provides attachment for many muscles that move the upper limb.
🧠 Question: Why is the pectoral girdle light, and how does this affect the upper limbs?
✅ Answer: The pectoral girdle is light, which allows for greater mobility of the upper limbs.
🧠 Question: How is the shoulder joint structured in terms of mobility and stability?
✅ Answer:
The clavicle is the only bone articulating with the axial skeleton.
The glenoid cavity (socket of the shoulder joint) is shallow, which enhances flexibility but reduces stability.
🧠 Question: Where do the clavicles extend, and what are their articulations?
✅ Answer:
The clavicles extend horizontally across the superior thorax.
The sternal end articulates with the manubrium.
The acromial end articulates with the scapula.
🧠 Question: What functions do the clavicles serve?
✅ Answer:
The clavicles provide attachment for muscles.
They hold the scapulae and arms laterally.
They transmit compression forces from the upper limbs to the axial skeleton.
🧠 Question: Where are the scapulae located, and what is their position relative to the ribs?
✅ Answer: The scapulae lie on the dorsal surface of the rib cage, located between ribs 2-7.
🧠 Question: What are the three borders of the scapula?
✅ Answer: The three borders of the scapula are:
Superior border
Medial (vertebral) border
Lateral (axillary) border
🧠 Question: What are the three angles of the scapula?
✅ Answer: The three angles of the scapula are:
Lateral angle
Superior angle
Inferior angle
🧠 Question: How many bones are in each upper limb, and how are they divided?
✅ Answer: Each upper limb contains 30 bones, divided into four regions:
Brachium (arm proper): 1 bone (humerus)
Antebrachium (forearm): 2 bones (radius and ulna)
Carpus (wrist): 8 small bones
Manus (hand): 19 bones (5 metacarpals and 14 phalange
🧠 Question: What bones make up the brachium (arm proper)?
✅ Answer: The brachium (arm proper) contains only 1 bone, the humerus.
🧠 Question: What bones make up the antebrachium (forearm)?
✅ Answer: The antebrachium (forearm) contains 2 bones, the radius and ulna.
🧠 Question: How many bones are in the carpus (wrist), and how are they arranged?
✅ Answer: The carpus (wrist) contains 8 small bones, arranged in two rows.
🧠 Question: How many bones are in the manus (hand), and how are they grouped?
✅ Answer: The manus (hand) contains 19 bones, grouped as:
5 metacarpals in the palm
14 phalanges in the fingers
🧠 Question: What region of the upper limb is the arm, and what bones does it contain?
✅ Answer: The arm is the region of the upper limb between the shoulder and elbow, and it contains 1 bone, the humerus.
🧠 Question: What are the characteristics of the humerus?
✅ Answer:
The humerus is the only bone of the arm.
It is the longest and strongest bone of the upper limb.
It articulates with the scapula at the shoulder.
It articulates with the radius and ulna at the elbow.
🧠 Question: What bones form the forearm, and how do they articulate?
✅ Answer: The forearm is formed by the radius and ulna.
The proximal ends of the radius and ulna articulate with the humerus.
The distal ends articulate with the carpals.
The radius and ulna also articulate with each other at the proximal and distal radioulnar join
🧠 Question: What is the function of the interosseous membrane in the forearm?
✅ Answer: The interosseous membrane interconnects the radius and ulna.
🧠 Question: How are the radius and ulna positioned in the anatomical position?
✅ Answer: In the anatomical position, the radius is lateral and the ulna is medial.
🧠 Question: What is the main function of the ulna in the forearm?
✅ Answer: The ulna is the main bone responsible for forming the elbow joint with the humerus, allowing the forearm to bend on the arm.
🧠 Question: How does the distal end of the ulna interact with the carpals?
✅ Answer: The distal end of the ulna is separated from the carpals by fibrocartilage.
🧠 Question: What role does the ulna play in hand movement?
✅ Answer: The ulna plays little to no role in hand movement.
🧠 Question: How does the radius contribute to the wrist joint and hand movement?
✅ Answer:
The radius contributes heavily to the wrist joint, as the distal radius articulates with the carpal bones.
When the radius moves, the hand moves with it.
🧠 Question: How does the head of the radius articulate with the humerus and ulna?
✅ Answer:
The superior surface of the head of the radius articulates with the capitulum of the humerus.
Medially, the head of the radius articulates with the radial notch of the ulna.
🧠 Question: How are the carpal bones arranged in the wrist?
✅ Answer: The carpal bones are arranged in two irregular rows:
Proximal row (from lateral to medial): Scaphoid, lunate, triquetral, and pisiform.
Distal row (from lateral to medial): Trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, and hamate.
🧠 Question: What are the characteristics of the metacarpals in the manus?
✅ Answer:
Five metacarpals radiate distally from the wrist.
They form the palm and are numbered 1–5, beginning with the pollex (thumb).
They articulate proximally with the distal row of carpals and distally with the proximal phalanges.
🧠 Question: How are the phalanges in the manus arranged and numbered?
✅ Answer:
The phalanges are numbered 1–5, beginning with the pollex (thumb).
Except for the thumb, each finger has three phalanges: proximal, middle, and distal.
🧠 Question: What is the function of the pelvis (hip) girdle?
✅ Answer: The pelvis (hip) girdle:
Attaches the lower limbs to the axial skeleton with strong ligaments.
Transmits the weight of the upper body to the lower limbs.
Supports pelvic organs.
🧠 Question: What bones make up the pelvis (hip) girdle?
✅ Answer: Each hip bone (also called coxal bone or os coxae) consists of three fused bones: ilium, ischium, and pubis. These, together with the sacrum and coccyx, form the bony pelvis.
🧠 Question 1: How does the bone thickness differ between the female and male pelvis?
🧠 Question 2: What is the difference in the pubic arch/angle between the female and male pelvis?
🧠 Question 3: How do the acetabula differ between the female and male pelvis?
🧠 Question 4: What are the differences in the sacrum between the female and male pelvis?
🧠 Question 5: How does the coccyx differ between the female and male pelvis?
✅ Answer:
Female: Lighter, thinner, and smoother.
Male: Heavier, thicker, and more prominent markings.
✅ Answer:
Female: 80°–90°.
Male: 50°–60°.
✅ Answer:
Female: Small; farther apart.
Male: Large; closer together.
✅ Answer:
Female: Wider, shorter; sacral curvature is prominent.
Male: Narrow, longer; sacral promontory more ventral.
✅ Answer:
Female: More movable; straighter.
Male: Less movable; curves ventrally.
🧠 Question 1: What is the primary function of the lower limb?
✅ Answer:
The lower limb carries the weight of the body.
🧠 Question 2: How do the bones of the lower limb compare to those of the upper limb?
✅ Answer:
The bones of the lower limb are thicker and stronger than those of the upper limb.
🧠 Question 3: How many bones are there in each lower limb?
✅ Answer:
30 bones per limb.
🧠 Question 4: What are the four regions of the lower limb and the bones they contain?
✅ Answer:
Femur in the thigh.
Patella (kneecap).
Tibia and fibula in the leg.
7 tarsal bones in the ankle, 5 metatarsals in the foot, and 14 phalanges (toes) in the foot.
🧠 Question 1: What is the femur known for?
✅ Answer:
The femur is the largest, longest, and strongest bone in the body.
🧠 Question 2: Where does the femur articulate?
✅ Answer:
The femur articulates with the hip proximally and with the tibia and patella distally.
🧠 Question 3: Where does the head of the femur articulate?
✅ Answer:
The head of the femur articulates with the acetabulum of the hip bone to form the hip joint.
🧠 Question 4: What is the neck of the femur?
✅ Answer:
The neck of the femur is a constricted region below the head.
🧠 Question 1: What is the greater trochanter of the femur?
✅ Answer:
The greater trochanter is a projection felt and seen in front of the hollow on the side of the hip.
🧠 Question 2: What happens at the distal end of the femur?
✅ Answer:
The distal end of the femur expands into the medial condyle and lateral condyle, which articulate with the tibia.
🧠 Question 1: What type of bone is the patella?
✅ Answer: The patella is a sesamoid bone.
🧠 Question 2: Where is the patella formed?
✅ Answer: It is formed within the tendon of the quadriceps femoris.
🧠 Question 3: What are the functions of the patella?
✅ Answer:
Increases the leverage of the tendon.
Maintains the position of the tendon when the knee is flexed.
Protects the knee joint.
🧠 Question 4: How does the patella move during knee flexion and extension?
✅ Answer: The patella tracks (glides) up and down in the groove between the two femoral condyles.
🧠 Question 1: What bones make up the leg (between the knee and ankle)?
✅ Answer: The tibia and fibula.
🧠 Question 2: Which bone in the leg is more massive and medial?
✅ Answer: The tibia.
🧠 Question 3: What is the function of the tibia?
✅ Answer: It receives the weight of the body from the femur.
🧠 Question 1: What structure connects the tibia and fibula?
✅ Answer: The interosseous membrane.
🧠 Question 4: Which bone in the leg is lateral and stick-like?
✅ Answer: The fibula.
🧠 Question 2: With which bone does the tibia articulate at its superior end?
✅ Answer: The femur (forming the knee joint).
🧠 Question 3: With which bone does the tibia articulate at its inferior end?
✅ Answer: The talus (forming the ankle joint).
🧠 Question 4: Does the fibula contribute to the knee joint?
✅ Answer: No, it does not contribute to the knee joint.
🧠 Question 2: What are the two largest bones in the tarsus?
✅ Answer: The talus (ankle bone) and the calcaneus (heel bone).
🧠 Question 5: How many phalanges do the other toes have?
✅ Answer: Three—proximal, middle, and distal phalanges.
🧠 Question 5: What is the role of the fibula in the ankle joint?
✅ Answer: It helps stabilize the ankle joint.
🧠 Question 1: How many bones are in the tarsus (ankle)?
✅ Answer: 7 bones.
🧠 Question 3: How are the metatarsals numbered?
✅ Answer: From 1 to 5, starting medially (big toe side) to laterally.
🧠 Question 4: How many phalanges does the big toe have?
✅ Answer: Two—proximal and distal phalanges.
🧠 Question 3: Why is segmentation important for the foot?
✅ Answer: It makes the foot pliable and helps it adapt to uneven ground.
🧠 Question 1: What are the three main functions of the foot?
✅ Answer: 1. Supports body weight.
2. Acts as a lever to propel the body forward when walking.
3. Segmentation makes the foot pliable and adapted to uneven ground.
🧠 Question 2: How many arches are in the foot?
✅ Answer: Three arches—two longitudinal and one transverse.
