Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PSYC2008 Cognition > Week 3 - Visual search and attentional bottlenecks > Flashcards

Week 3 - Visual search and attentional bottlenecks Flashcards

1
Q

According to Feature Integration Theory, if you detect features in parallel via separate mechanisms, how are these put together to make a coherent representation of a scene like this?

A

Attention binds together to create meaning of object

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

According to Feature Integration Theory, what level of processing occurs pre-attentively (to stimuli that are not the focus of attention)?

A

Parallel-feature information e.g. ground, red

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

According to Feature Integration Theory, what type of search would this array elicit if the task was to find the upright green T amongst other Ts and Ls that were of varying orientations and colours?

A

Conjunction search (serial search)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What would happen to RT if more items were added to an array in a conjunction search task?

A

RT would increase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

According to Feature Integration Theory, what type of search would this array elicit if the task was to find the yellow shape amongst other shapes of other colours (where the target is the only yellow shape)?

A

Parallel - feature search

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What would happen to RT if set size was increased in a parallel search task?

A

RT would remain unchanged

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

According to Feature Integration Theory, what type of search would an array elicit if the task was to find the triangle amongst other non-triangle shapes?

A

Parallel - feature search

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

According to Feature Integration Theory, why is it difficult to find the target in this picture? (Where’s Wally image)

A

Large set size and conjunction search

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What type of search is a results pattern where the RT remains unchanged by set size indicative of?

A

Parallel/feature search

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What type of search is a results pattern where the RT gradually increases with set size indicative of?

A

Serial/conjunction search

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Would a results pattern that sharply increases with set size or a more shallow slope be indicative of a more efficient visual search?

A

Shallow slope - less change in RT as SS increases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How does target prevalence impact visual search accuracy? What applied implications does this have?

A

Low-frequency = less accuracy

High-consequence settings e.g. medical imaging, baggage searching less likely to identify target as rare-target (Findings shown in real-life examples w/ experts, not just test-subjects in controlled environment)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How do you think that visual search efficiency impacts attentional breadth? What attentional breadth would a parallel (more efficient) search induce? What attentional breadth would a serial (less efficient) search induce?

A

Serial = narrower, parallel = broader

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Emotion drives attention: detecting snakes in the grass study - what else could explain the results other than attention is being shifted by fear?

A
  • Features of images e.g. contrast, colours, shapes
  • Similarity between target/distractors
  • Could be telling us how guide flowers/mushrooms processed
  • Attentional focus on what is relevant to us e.g. fear of snakes
  • Inconclusive results of what is impacting findings
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the attentional blink, and how is it elicited?

A

Inability to process T2 while T1 is still being processed, experiments with T1 and T2 at different lags to test the attentional blink (200-300m/s typically the AB)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the two-stage model, and how does it explain attentional blink?

A

Stage 1: fragile store, overwritten easily

Stage 2: robust, low in capacity

Explains AB: brain filled with S2 processing and therefore cannot process T2 at S1 until processing is complete

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What indicates that the attentional blink is attentional rather than perceptual in nature?

A

When tasks don’t require identification of T1, T2 RT identification and accuracy improves - instruction creates blink not stimulus/task itself

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the emotional attentional blink?

A

Manipulate emotional salience of stimuli, still identifying 2 targets – emotional salience moderates effect of AB

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is emotion-induced blindness?

A

1 target and emotionally salient distractor (ESD) - focused on impact of ESD on T1 identification. Lag 2 – reduced accuracy of T1 following ESD vs. No impact at Lag 8

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What alternative explanation could account for the pattern of results in Most & Wang’s 2011 study on emotion-induced blindness?

A

People don’t like looking at negative stimuli so focus on other stream

21
Q

What is visual search and what can it impact?

A

Involves shifts of attention (measured differently to cueing paradigm)
Can impact attentional breadth

22
Q

What is the difference between serial and parallel processing?

A

Serial: one process commences only when the previous is finished
Parallel: multiple processes occur simultaneously

23
Q

What is a dimension? What are 2 examples?

A

Complete range of variation which is separately analysed by some functionally independent perceptual system
Examples: colour, orientation

24
Q

How do dimension and features differ?

A

Dimensions refer to the range of possible features where as a feature is a particular value along a dimension e.g. red, vertical

25
Q

What is the binding problem? What theory aims to solve the problem?

A

How to bind different features/dimensions together in processing
Feature Integration Theory aims to solve this - attention acts as the glue that binds separate features together

26
Q

What are the fundamental elements of a visual search paradigm?

A

Target, Other shapes/distractors/non-targets, set size, RT, accuracy

27
Q

Why is set size an important factor in visual search tasks? How is it used to determine processing type?

A

Determines whether serial or parallel processing is used
Parallel = unaffected by SS increase
Serial = impacted by SS increase

28
Q

If a pt has a slower RT as SS increases, what type of processing is occurring?

A

Serial

29
Q

If RT is not impacted by an increasing SS, what type of processing is occurring?

A

Parallel

30
Q

What does FIT predict about processing types?

A

Single feature e.g. red = parallel
Conjunction of features e.g. red triangle = serial

31
Q

What determines whether the visual search task is a feature or conjunction task?

A

Feature = target differential from distractors by single feature e.g. blue T vs green T
Conjunction = target differential from distractors by combined features e.g. green S vs blue T

32
Q

What did Treisman & Gelade’s study tell us about visual search RTs when the target is present vs absent?

A

Target absent RTs higher = keep searching before confirming absent.

33
Q

What are some of the limitations of FIT? What study investigated other aspected of visual search?

A

Doesn’t test distractor-distractor similarity, only target-distractor differences.
Duncan & Humphreys proposed attentional engagement theory (efficiency remains high when target is easy to differentiate from other stimulus)

34
Q

What are the 5 sources of pre-attentive information?

A

Top-down, bottom-up, prior history, reward, scene syntax and semantics

35
Q

What does the Guided Search 6.0 theory suggest about visual attention?

A

sources of information are integrated into a priority map (a dynamic attentional landscape that evolves over the course of the search)

36
Q

What are 2 real life examples of visual search studies?

A

Baggage screening and diagnostic medical imaging

37
Q

What do visual search studies show us about low-frequency vs high-frequency target accuracy?

A

Low-frequency targets have been robustly shown to have an inflated miss rate (compared to high-frequency targets)

38
Q

What is an attentional blink?

A

Reflects temporal attentional limitation, paradigm gauges how humans search for targets through time.

39
Q

What is an important parameter in AB tasks?

A

Lag or SOA (stimulus onset asynchrony) between targets

40
Q

Why are AB tasks subject to conditional accuracy?

A

Need to identify T1 in order to test AB in processing T2

41
Q

What is Lag 1 sparing?

A

AB effect has been robustly shown to not occur at Lag 1 (100ms)

42
Q

When does the attentional blink typically occur?

A

200-300m/s

43
Q

When does recovery from AB typically occur?

A

500-600m/s

44
Q

Is AB an attentional or sensory limitation in processing?

A

Attentional - when the requirement for identifying T1 is removed, pts accurately identify T2

45
Q

What does Chun & Potter’s 2-stage model tell us about the attentional blink?

A

T2 is lost/over-written at Stage 1 when it occurs soon after T1 because the system is still busy consolidating T1 into Stage 2

46
Q

What does emotional AB tasks tell us about the impact of emotion on AB?

A

Emotionally salient stimuli has been shown to lessen the effect of the AB

47
Q

What does Most et al’s study on EIB show us about the impact of emotion on the AB?

A

Emotionally salient stimuli increases the effect of the AB at Lag 2 (in both intensely positive and negative distractor conditions)

48
Q

How is EIB measured?

A

EIB magnitude = the difference in target identification accuracy following the emotionally-salient distractor vs accuracy following the emotionally neutral distractor at Lag 2

49
Q

What did Most & Wang’s study introduce into EIB studies? What did this study show?

A

Introduced a spatial component and showed a spatially localised attentional mechanism that lead to EIB occurring in same but not different streams

PSYC2008 Cognition (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions